*** Unique and stable ways people think, feel, and behave

2. ***Unique and stable ways people think, feel, and behave ersonality

3. Theories of Personality Temperament Enduring characteristics each person is born with Value judgments of morality and ethics Character

4. Four Main Perspectives Psychodynamic 4 3 Behavioral Humanistic 2 1 Trait

5. The Man and the Couch: Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective

6. Founder, psychoanalytic movement Cultural background Victorian era Sexual repression, sex for procreation, mistresses satisfied men’s “uncontrollable” sexual desires Freud and Psychoanalysis 13.2 How did Freud’s historical view of the mind and personality form a basis for psychodynamic theory? Sigmund Freud

7. Ego Superego ID Freud’s Conception of the Personality Conscious: Contact with outside world Preconscious: Material just beneath the surface of awareness **Unconscious mind - level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness.. Unconscious: Difficult to retrieve material; well below the surface of awareness The most important determining factor in human behavior and personality Can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue

8. Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality • Id - part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious. • Libido - the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society’s standards for behavior. • Pleasure principle - principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences. • ** Ego - part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical. • Reality principle - principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.

9. Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality • Superego - part of the personality that acts as a moral center. • Ego ideal - part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior. • Conscience - part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal.

10. The Psychological Defense Mechanisms Psychological defense mechanisms: Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

11. The Psychological Defense Mechanisms

12. Stages of Personality Development • Fixation: Unresolved psychosexual stage conflict • “Stuck” in stage of development • Psychosexual stages: • Five stages of personality • Tied to sexual development

13. First stage, first year Mouth = erogenous zone Weaning is primary conflict Stages of Personality Development • 1 to 3 years • Ego develops • Toilet training conflict • Expulsive vs. retentive personalities ORAL STAGE ANAL STAGE FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES • 3 to 6 years • Superego develops • Sexual feelings • ** Oedipus complex • Puberty • Sexual feelings consciously expressed GENITAL STAGE PHALLIC STAGE • Age 6 to puberty • Sexual feelings repressed, same-sex play, social skills LATENCY STAGE

14. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

15. The Neo-Freudians • 13.3 How did Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson modify Freud’s theory? • Developed competing psychoanalysis theories • Jung:Personal and collective unconscious, archetypes • Adler:Inferiority and compensation, birth-order theory • Horney:Basic anxiety and neurotic personalities • Erikson:Social relationships across the lifespan Neo-Freudians

16. Modern Psychoanalytic Theory • Current research has found support for: • Defense mechanisms • Concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior • **Free Association • method of exploring the unconscious • person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing • Latent content of patients’ dreams • Other concepts cannot be scientifically researched.

17. The Behaviorist and Social Cognitive View of Personality

18. The Behaviorist and Social Cognitive View of Personality • Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits. • Social cognitive theorists emphasize the importance of others’ behaviors and one’s own expectations.

19. Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism and Self-Efficacy • ** Reciprocal Determinism: Environment, characteristics of the person, and behavior itself all interact • Self-efficacy:Perception of one’s competence in a certain circumstance

20. Rotter’s Social Learning Theory: Expectancies • Personality is set of potential responses to various situations, including: • Locus of control • Sense of expectancy

21. The Third Force: Humanism and Personality

22. The Third Force: Humanism and Personality • 13.6 How do humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality? • ** Humanistic view: Focuses on traits that make people uniquely human • Reaction against negativity of psychoanalysis and behavioral determinism

23. Carl Rogers and Self-Concept • Striving to fulfill innate capabilities • Image of oneself that develops from interactions with significant people in one’s life Self-concept Self-actualizing tendency

24. IDEAL SELF REAL SELF REAL SELF IDEAL SELF Carl Rogers and Self-Concept • Real self: One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities • Ideal self: What one should or would like to be ** Match = Harmony ** Mismatch = Anxiety

25. Carl Rogers and Self-Concept Conditional positive regard:Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish Unconditional positive regard:Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached ** Positive regard – warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life.

26. Trait Theories: Who Are You?

27. Consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving rait

28. Trait Theories of Personality Surface traits: Can be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person • Source traits: • More basic traits forming core of personality • Example: Introversion is source trait in which people withdraw

29. The Big Five Openness Conscientiousness 1 2 Neuroticism 5 Extraversion 3 4 Agreeableness

30. The Big Five

31. The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics

32. Twin and Adoption Studies Source:Loehlin (1992)

33. Current Findings • Variations in personality traits are about 25 to 50 percent inherited. • Environmental and cultural influences apparently account for the other (approximately) 50 percent.

34. 1 2 3 4 Cultural Personality Hofstede’s Four Dimensions Individualism/collectivism Power distance Masculinity/femininity Uncertainty avoidance

35. Assessment of Personality

36. Who Uses Which Method? Projective tests Inventories Observations Interviews Eclectic Assessment

37. Interviews • Interview: • Professional asks questions of client, structured or unstructured • ** Halo effect: • Allowing client’s positive traits to influence assessment of client

38. Projective Tests • Projection: Projecting one’s unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto others • Projective tests: Ambiguous visual stimuli presented to client who responds with whatever comes to mind • Rorschach inkblot test: 10 inkblots as ambiguous stimuli • (Have proven not to work) • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations • Subjectivity problems with projective tests

39. Thematic Apperception Example

40. Behavioral Assessments • Problems: • Observer effects/bias • Lack of control • Direct observation: Professional observes client; clinical or natural settings • Rating scale: Numeric value assigned to specific behavior • Frequency count: Frequency of behaviors is counted

41. Personality Inventories • Personality inventory: Questionnaire with standard list of questions • Response format: Yes, no, can’t decide, etc. • Include validity scales to prevent cheating, but such measures are not perfect NEO-PI: Based on the five-factor model • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Based on Jung’s theory of personality types MMPI-2:Designed to detect abnormal personality