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Exercise 21 & 22

Exercise 21 & 22. Spinal Cord, Spinal nerves & Reflexes. Structure of a Nerve. Figure 13.3b. Spinal Nerves. Thirty-one pairs of mixed nerves arise from the spinal cord and supply all parts of the body except the head They are named according to their point of issue 8 cervical (C 1 -C 8 )

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Exercise 21 & 22

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  1. Exercise 21 & 22 Spinal Cord, Spinal nerves & Reflexes

  2. Structure of a Nerve Figure 13.3b

  3. Spinal Nerves • Thirty-one pairs of mixed nerves arise from the spinal cord and supply all parts of the body except the head • They are named according to their point of issue • 8 cervical (C1-C8) • 12 thoracic (T1-T12) • 5 Lumbar (L1-L5) • 5 Sacral (S1-S5) • 1 Coccygeal (C0)

  4. Spinal Nerves Figure 13.6

  5. Spinal Nerves: Roots • Each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord via two medial roots • Each root forms a series of rootlets that attach to the spinal cord • Ventral roots arise from the anterior horn and contain motor (efferent) fibers • Dorsal roots arise from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and contain sensory (afferent) fibers

  6. Spinal Nerves: Roots Figure 13.7a

  7. Spinal Nerve Innervation Figure 13.7b

  8. Cervical Plexus Figure 13.8

  9. Sacral Plexus Figure 13.11

  10. Lumbar Plexus Figure 13.10

  11. Brachial Plexus: Distribution of Nerves Figure 13.9c

  12. Brachial Plexus Figure 13.9a

  13. Reflexes • A reflex is a rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus • Reflexes may: • Be inborn (intrinsic) or learned (acquired) • Involve only peripheral nerves and the spinal cord • Involve higher brain centers as well

  14. Reflex Arc • There are five components of a reflex arc • Receptor – site of stimulus • Sensory neuron – transmits the afferent impulse to the CNS • Integration center – either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS • Motor neuron – conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector • Effector – muscle fiber or gland that responds to the efferent impulse

  15. Reflex Arc Spinal cord (in cross-section) Stimulus Integration center 3 Sensory neuron 2 Receptor 1 Motor neuron 4 Interneuron Effector 5 Skin Figure 13.14

  16. Crossed Extensor Reflex Figure 13.19

  17. Golgi Tendon Reflex Figure 13.18

  18. Stretch Reflex Figure 13.17

  19. Dermatomes • A dermatome is the area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve • All spinal nerves except C1 participate in dermatomes

  20. Dermatomes Figure 13.12

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