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History Culture of India March 12, 2006

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History Culture of India March 12, 2006

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    5. Eras of Indian History – Up to Mughal Period Vedic Civilization Indus & Saraswati Civilizations Rise of Jainism and Buddhism Mauryan Period Golden Age of Indian Arts & Sciences Muslim Invasions The Mughal Empire

    6. Eras of Indian History – Up to Modern India Portuguese Invasion The British East-India Company The British Empire Post Independence

    7. Vedic Period – 8000 – 9000 BCE? BCE: Before Common Era 1. The Evolution of Sanskrit Language 2. The Vedas and Upanishads 3. Rig Veda 4. Ayurveda

    10. Hymns of the Rig Veda

    11. Introduction to Karma Yoga Selfless service Renouncing the fruits of one’s action Performing actions with pure intention devoid of selfish motive

    12. Yoga (5000 BCE) There are three aspects to Yoga 1. Meditation 2. Pranayam (Breathing Exercises) 3. Asanas (Physical Stretches)

    13. Yoga (5000 BCE) (Meditation)

    14. Yoga (5000 BCE) (Asanas – Mudra)

    15. Yoga (5000 BCE) (Pranayam)

    16. Yoga (5000 BCE) (Pranayam)

    17. Indus Valley Civilization: 3300BCE – 1500 BCE Harappa Mohenjo-Daro Indus Valley Civilization- one of the world’s first great urban civilizations

    18. India - 2006

    19. Indus Valley Civilization

    20. Harappa Civilization Excavations began in 1920 Recovered 80 villages and towns First city discovered was called Harappa Carefully planned cities Evidence of trade with other civilizations Abandoned between 1800 BCE and 1700 BCE

    21. Harappa Drain

    22. Harappa Walls

    23. Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan

    24. Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan

    25. Mohanjo-daro – Pakistan Stupa and Walls

    26. Old Fort (2000 BCE – 3000 BCE ?)

    28. Takshila – World’s First University More than 60 subjects More than 10,500 students from all over the world Specialized in medicine Famous alumni: Panini: great grammarian Kautilya: physician Chandragupta Maurya: king

    29. Jainism – Mahavira – 599 BCE-527 BCE (Bihar) The five great vows: Nonviolence (Ahimsa) - not to cause harm to any living beings Truthfulness (Satya) - to speak the harmless truth only Non-stealing (Asteya) - not to take anything not properly given Chastity (Brahmacharya) - not to indulge in sensual pleasure Non-possession/Non-attachment (Aparigraha) - complete detachment from people, places, and material things.

    30. Bihar - India

    31. Buddhism – Gautama Buddha (Nepal) – 566 BCE – 486 BCE Basic Tenets of Buddhism To do no evil To cultivate good To purify one's mind

    33. Mauryan Empire – Patliputra (near Patna)

    34. Mauryan Period – 322 BC – 188 BC Period First - Chandragupta Maurya Last - Ashok

    35. King Ashok (272 BCE to 232 BCE) Follower of Buddhism Advocated Religious Tolerance Spread of Buddhism to China, Tibet, Middle East, Europe

    37. King Ashok’s Dharma Chakra

    38. Ashok’s Dharma Chakra

    39. Ashok’s Dharma Chakra Lion: Symbol of Strength Wheel: Truth is Eternal

    40. Golden Age of Indian Arts & Sciences (320AD – 700AD) Gupta Dynasty (Capital was Patliputra) Started with Chandragupta High cultural creativity Ajanta Caves (discovered in 1819) Literary works of Kalidas New monetary system – invention of coins Trading hub of the world

    41. Gupta Empire

    42. Great Mathematicians and Astronomers Aryabhatta (486 AD) Introduced the concept of zero Determined Astronomical constants Introduced the concepts of Trigonometry

    44. Ajanta Caves 200BCE to AD

    45. Ajanta Caves (475 AD – 500 AD)

    46. Ajanta Caves (475 AD – 500 AD)

    47. Many New Universities – 700 AD – 900 AD Nalanda: Rajgriha, Bihar; studies in all areas (logic, literature, philosophy, Buddhism, Hinduism, Astronomy; 1500 professors, 10,000 students Sarnath: Architecture and painting Ujjain: specialized in Astronomy

    48. Discussion Points for All Children What are the first five eras of Indian history? Name one important product of the Vedic Period What are the three aspects of yoga practice? When was the philosophy of Karma Yoga introduced to the world (approximately)? What philosophies were prevalent in India during 500 BC to 0 BC? What was the name of the first university of India? When did it start?

    49. Discussion Points for All Children Name one interesting feature of the Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro civilizations Which is the oldest book in the world? Where did Jainism begin? Gautam Buddha was from Nepal; was Nepal part of India at that time? Who was the last Mauryan king?

    50. Discussion Points for All Children What national emblem was created during King Ashok’s rule? Who ruled more of India – the Mauryan kings or the Gupta kings? Where are the Ajanta caves? What is so great about the Ajanta caves? Name three important things that occurred during the Golden Age?

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