History of India

1. History of India

2. Warm Up – History of India • What religious group came to India during the 8th Century? What ethnic group were most of these people? • What kept the Mongols from taking control of India? • Babur’s reign was the beginning of what great Empire? • Akbar included both religious groups in India in his government? What were the two major religions? • What connected the Mughal Empire with the rest of the world? • The East India Company was from what European nation? • List three products sent from India to Europe? • What mountainous nations stayed independent of Great Britain? • Who led the independence movement in India? • What tactic did he share with Martin Luther King?

3. Islam Comes to India • Arabs – 8th century AD • Muslimsfrom Arabia conquered northwest India • People in the conquered region were converted to Islam • People in the region (present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) are still Muslim • Turks and Mongols – 11th century AD • Turks replaced Arabs in northwest India • Territory stretched southward to the Deccan Plateau • Mountains kept Mongols from central Asia from invading India a. People escaping the Mongols brought their culture and learning

4. The Mughal Empire • Babur • A Muslim leader from present-day Turkmenistan • Invaded north India and Afghanistan • Akbar • Included Hindus and Muslims in his government • Policies allowed Hindus and Muslims to live in peace • People taxed according to size and value of their land • Strong supporter of the arts • End of the empire • New trade routes over land and water • New ideas and inventions made their way to South Asia • Empire collapsed when the last Mughal emperor died

5. Arrival of the British • Trading Rights • Queen Elizabeth I allowed the East India Company (English merchants) to trade in India and E and SE Asia • Mughals allowed British to set up factories and trading centers • East India Company shipped Indian goods to England • spices, tea, cotton, silk, indigo (a dye), sugar, and saltpeter (used for gunpowder) • India’s neighbors and Great Britain • Great Britain took control of Sri Lanka and the Maldives in 1796 • Mountains kept Great Britain from taking control of Nepal and Bhutan

6. Making India British • British military, merchants, and missionaries brought new ideas and technology • Brought railroads, telegraphs, steamships, and new irrigation methods • Introduced new laws about land ownership • Made English the official language • Indians had different reactions to the British in India • Some people lived just as they had before the British arrived • Some people tried to interact with the British and adopt some new ideas while keeping their Indian traditions • Some people in the higher castes sent their children to British schools

7. Independence • Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 so Indians could discuss their problems • Muslim League formed in 1906 so Muslims could protect their rights • Mohandas Gandhi • Studied law in England • Returned to India to find that Indians were treated unfairly by the British • Used non-violence to emphasize the need for Indian independence • Went on hunger strikes and organized labor strikes and marches to force the British to give India its independence • Called “Mahatma”, which means “great soul” • Assassinated by a Hindu extremist shortly after independence was granted

8. Hindus and Muslims disagreed how India should be governed • Muslim minority did not want to be governed by Hindu majority • Violence broke out between the two groups • India was divided into two separate countries – India and East and West Pakistan • Muslims in East Pakistan had difference cultures than those in West Pakistan (even though both were Muslim) • West Pakistan became known as Pakistan; East Pakistan became known as Bangladesh • Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948 • The Maldives gained independence in 1965

9. British Colonization • In 1600, East India Company got exclusive rights to trade in India. • Spices, tea, cotton, silk, indigo, sugar and saltpeter shipped to England. • India became British colony with language, legal system and soldiers. • Railroads, telegraph, steam ships, weapons came with the British.

10. India – Colonial Period • 1600 to 1945 – British have control of India • 1796 – British add control of Sri Lanka and Maldives. • Afghanistan, Nepal and Bhutan protected by mountains and do not become colonies.

11. Independence • 1885 – Indian National Congress formed to allow Indians to discuss issues. • 1906 – Muslim League formed. • After WWI – Gandhi emerges as leader • Nonviolence • End discrimination • Peace between religions • India supplies troops in both world wars.

12. Independence • British tired of fighting after World War II. • Gandhi stages mass protests. • 240 mile walk to sea to protest British monopoly of salt. • India divided by British into two countries – Pakistan and India.

13. Diamante Poem Format Beginning Topic (1 word) Adjective, Adjective (2 words) -ing verb, -ing verb, -ing verb (3 words) Noun, Noun, Noun, Noun (describing topic) (4 words) -ingverb, -ingverb, -ingverb (3 words) Adjective, Adjective (2 words) Ending Topic (related to beginning topic)(1 word)

14. Example Dolphin Friendly, beautiful Swimming, dancing, leaping Atlantic Bottlenose, intelligence, ocean, marina Eating, training, playing Aquatic, curious Mammal

15. For the silhouette:

16. Review of Governments • Monarchy • Republic • Parliamentary • Oligarchy • Constitutional Monarchy • Theocracy • Presidential • Dictatorship • Autocracy • Prime Minister leads • People elect representatives • Rule by a few people • Rule by religious leaders • Monarch who must follow rules • Leader elected by people • King or queen • Rule by one person • Rule by one person who takes over government

17. Government of India • World’s largest democracy of 1.2 billion • Federal Republic • Local governments • President is the “official head”. • Prime Minister runs the government. Indira Gandhi first female PM. • Constitution since 1950 • Rights of free speech, religion, and courts to protect individual rights. • Caste system • Jobs for lower class • “Dalits” can vote and civil rights

18. Government of India • Manmohan Singh – PM since 2004 • Leader of majority party in House of People • Advisor to President • Runs executive branch and appoints cabinet • Federal system • 28 states • 7 territories • Universal suffrage

19. Hinduism • Majority of people in India. Not all! • Polytheistic • Key belief – unity of all life • Every person has a soul which comes from Brahma, the creator • Animals, especially cows, get great respect • Ganges River is holy – purifies souls • Goal of life is unity with Brahma • Reincarnation - souls pass through cycles on way to unity with Brahma • Key question – how is a Hindu similar to a Catholic? Answer in pairs

20. Social hierarchy – lack of mobility • Tradition – not set in stone • Untouchables still have less opportunity – do less clean jobs. • Determines social interaction

21. India – population of 1,270,000,000 • Life expectancy 61.7 yrs. • About 30% of the people live in poverty. • No city has continuous 24 hour water supply. • As of 2010, New Delhi had a Per Capita Income of $ 3,020 whereas Bihar's Per Capita Income was at a paltry $ 445. • 51 births a minute

22. India • Indian literacy rate grew to 74.04% in 2011 from 12% at the end of British rule in 1947! • 82% for men, 65% for women. Why? • 70% of people work in agriculture or related industry.

23. India • Charboy – all purpose bed and couch. • Most people are vegetarian. Why? • Television reaches only 75% of the people. • Mumbai has 64,000 people per square mile. New York has 25,000.

24. Pakistan • Warm or hot climate – little rain < 10 inches • Indus River – hydroelectric power • Islam holds nation together • 180,000,000 people • Parliamentary, federal, republic • Nuclear weapons

25. Afghanistan • Hindu Kush Mountains • Deserts • Khyber Pass allow some movement • Soviet Union invades in 1979. • Taliban controlled until U.S. intervention.

26. Bangladesh • Delta of three rivers including the Ganges River • Result – flooding • Tropical and wet monsoons • 131,000,000 people • Malnutrition • Poor infrastructure

27. Nepal and Bhutan • Great range in altitude • Nepal – 90% Hindu • Bhutan – 75% Buddhist • Separated from world until 20th Century • Sherpas – skilled mountaineers • Some tropical lowlands with much rain.

28. Sri Lanka • Tropical climate • Coconuts, tea, rubber • 70% of rain forest has been cut down • Ethnic strife between two groups. • Devastated by tsunami in 2004 • Brought country together

29. South Asian Governments • Afghanistan – controlled by Taliban, strict rule. NATO nations trying to bring a republic and freedom. • Bangladesh – military takes over parliamentary government, independent since 1971, Muslim • Bhutan – monarchy but shares power with assembly which approves ministers who advise king. • Maldives – Citizen’s Council, 40 elected by people – 8 appointed by president. Leaders are Muslim. • Nepal – Parliamentary system with Constitution/King. • Pakistan – Independent since 1947 • history of martial law and military governments • today PM and President – must be Muslim – election issues • Sri Lanka – Democracy – President – two parties.

30. Answer with Two Sentences • Why is Pakistan an important friend (ally) of the United States? Explain • Why do you think the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979? Think and Explain. • Why was the Caste system inconsistent with democracy in India? Explain • How does the role of the prime minister differ from that of the president in India? • Why was Indira Gandhi a symbol of change in India? Explain.

31. Homework • Write a five paragraph persuasive essay which answers the following question. • “Should the United States support Israel as our primary friend in the Middle East?” • Research this topic and use factual information to support your position. • U.S. gave Israel $3,026,000,000 in 2011.