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Carbonyl. Definition. O. a CARBONYL GROUP is a functional group found in organic compounds composed of a Carbon atom double - bonded to an oxygen atom. ═ . C. Family Under CARBONYL GROUP. Aldehyde Ketone Carboxylic Acid Ester Amide. Aldehyde. Definition.
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Definition O • a CARBONYL GROUPis a functional group found in organic compounds composed of a Carbon atomdouble - bonded to an oxygen atom. ═ C
Family Under CARBONYL GROUP • Aldehyde • Ketone • Carboxylic Acid • Ester • Amide
Definition • A compound containing a CARBONYL group bonded to a hydrogen.
O ║ C – H benzaldehyde
O ║ CH ═ CH – C – H cinnamaldehyde
O ║ C – H vanillin O – CH3 OH
CH3 CH3 O ║ CH3 – C = CH – CH2 –CH2 – C = CH – C – H Citral
Oxidation 1ᵒ Alcohol gen. formula 1ᵒ Alcohol ---→ Aldehyde + H2O Hydration of Alkynes gen. formula Alkynes + H2O ---→ Aldehyde
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Physical Properties
uniqueness ofAldehyde • CARBONYL groups of aldehydes give them sufficient POLARITY. • That makes their boiling points higher than those of non – polar organic compounds. • But lower compares to alcohol • Because no HYDROGEN bonding occurs in ALDEHYDES.
Table of Comparisons Therefore, boiling points of ALDEHYDES are lower than ketone and alcohol but higher compare to alkane.
IUPAC RULES • IUPAC rule in naming ALDEHYDES follows the usual pattern. • The longest chain carrying the ALDEHYDE functional group is considered the parent structure and named by replacing the – e – of the corresponding ALKANE by – al – . • The position of a substituent is indicated by number, the CARBONYL carbon always being considered as C – 1.
COMMON Naming • Are derived from D’ names of the corresponding CARBOXYLIC ACIDS by replacing by replacing – ic – acid by ALDEHYDE. • Branched chain ALDEHYDES are named as derivatives of straight – chain aldehydes. • To indicate D’ point of attachment, the GREEK letters, α -, β -, γ -, δ -,ε -, ζ -, η -, θ -, ι -, κ, etc., are used; • The α – carbon is the one bearing the ALDEHYDE group.
EXAMPLEs: O ║ H – C – H methanal formaldehyde O ║ CH3 – C – H ethanal acetaldehyde
EXAMPLEs: O ║ CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – C – H butanal butyraldehyde O ║ CH3 – (CH2)5 – C – H heptanal enanthaldehyde
EXAMPLE: CH3 3HC O ║ CH3 – C – CH2 – CH2 – C – C – H CH3 CH3 2,2,5,5 – tetramethylhexanal α,α,δ,δ – tetramethylcaproaldehyde
EXAMPLE: O ║ C – H CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3 2 – ethylbutanal α– ethylbutyraldehyde
EXAMPLE: O ║ NO2 CH3 – CH – C – CH2 – C – H OH CH3 4 – hydroxy – 3 – methyl – 3 – nitropentanal γ – hydroxy – β – methyl – β – nitrovaleraldehyde
EXAMPLE: 3HC – 2HC CH2 –CH3 O ║ CH3 – (CH2)3 – C – C – (CH2)2 – C – H 3HC CH3 4,5 – diethyl – 4,5 – dimethyl – nonanal γ,δ – diethyl – γ,δ – dimethyl – pelargonaldehyde
EXAMPLE: H H OH H O ║ CH2 – C – C – C – C – C – H OH OH OH H OH 2,3,4,5,6 – pentahydroxyhexanal α,β,γ,δ,ε – hydroxycaproaldehyde GLUCOSE
EXAMPLEs: O ║ CH3 – CH ═ CH – CH2 – C – H 3 – pentenal CH3 CH3 O ║ CH3 – C = CH – CH2 –CH2 – C = CH – C – H 3,7 – dimethyl– 2,6 – octadienal CITRAL
EXAMPLE: O ║ C – H CH2 CH3 – (CH2)3 – C – (CH2)4 –CH ═ CH2 CH2 – CH3 3 – butyl – 3 – ethyl – 8 – nonenal
O ║ EXAMPLEs: CH3 – C ≡ C – CH ═ CH – CH2 – C – H 3 – heptenal – 5 – yne 3 – ene – 5 – heptynal 3 – hepten – 5 – yne – al CH2 – (CH2)3 – C ≡ C – CH – (CH2)2 – CH3 Cl O ║ C – H 8 – chloro – 2 – propyl – 3 – octynal
EXAMPLEs: O ║ C – H cyclohexanal cyclohexanecarbaldehyde O ║ C – H 3 – hydroxycyclopentanal HO γ – hydroxycyclopentanecarbaldehyde
EXAMPLEs: OH 4 – hydroxy – 2 – cyclobutenal O ║ C – H δ – hydroxycyclobutenecarbaldehyde 2 – cyclopropynal O ║ C – H cyclopropynecarbaldehyde
EXAMPLEs: O ║ C – H benzaldehyde O ║ C – H 3HC 3 – methyl – 5 – nitrobenzaldehyde γ – methyl – ε - nitrobenzaldehyde NO2