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Carbonyl

Carbonyl. Definition. O. a CARBONYL GROUP is a functional group found in organic compounds composed of a Carbon atom double - bonded to an oxygen atom. ═ . C. Family Under CARBONYL GROUP. Aldehyde Ketone Carboxylic Acid Ester Amide. Aldehyde. Definition.

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Carbonyl

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  1. Carbonyl

  2. Definition O • a CARBONYL GROUPis a functional group found in organic compounds composed of a Carbon atomdouble - bonded to an oxygen atom. ═ C

  3. Family Under CARBONYL GROUP • Aldehyde • Ketone • Carboxylic Acid • Ester • Amide

  4. Aldehyde

  5. Definition • A compound containing a CARBONYL group bonded to a hydrogen.

  6. Preparation

  7. Natural Sources

  8. O ║ C – H benzaldehyde

  9. O ║ CH ═ CH – C – H cinnamaldehyde

  10. O ║ C – H vanillin O – CH3 OH

  11. CH3 CH3 O ║ CH3 – C = CH – CH2 –CH2 – C = CH – C – H Citral

  12. Synthetic Sources

  13. Oxidation 1ᵒ Alcohol gen. formula 1ᵒ Alcohol ---→ Aldehyde + H2O Hydration of Alkynes gen. formula Alkynes + H2O ---→ Aldehyde

  14. Uses

  15. Preservatives & Indus. Solvent

  16. Adhesive additives

  17. Medicine & Supplements

  18. Food & Sweets

  19. Plastics

  20. Physical Properties

  21. uniqueness ofAldehyde • CARBONYL groups of aldehydes give them sufficient POLARITY. • That makes their boiling points higher than those of non – polar organic compounds. • But lower compares to alcohol • Because no HYDROGEN bonding occurs in ALDEHYDES.

  22. Table of Comparisons Therefore, boiling points of ALDEHYDES are lower than ketone and alcohol but higher compare to alkane.

  23. Nomenclature

  24. Things 2 remember

  25. IUPAC RULES • IUPAC rule in naming ALDEHYDES follows the usual pattern. • The longest chain carrying the ALDEHYDE functional group is considered the parent structure and named by replacing the – e – of the corresponding ALKANE by – al – . • The position of a substituent is indicated by number, the CARBONYL carbon always being considered as C – 1.

  26. COMMON Naming • Are derived from D’ names of the corresponding CARBOXYLIC ACIDS by replacing by replacing – ic – acid by ALDEHYDE. • Branched chain ALDEHYDES are named as derivatives of straight – chain aldehydes. • To indicate D’ point of attachment, the GREEK letters, α -, β -, γ -, δ -,ε -, ζ -, η -, θ -, ι -, κ, etc., are used; • The α – carbon is the one bearing the ALDEHYDE group.

  27. EXAMPLEs: O ║ H – C – H methanal formaldehyde O ║ CH3 – C – H ethanal acetaldehyde

  28. EXAMPLEs: O ║ CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – C – H butanal butyraldehyde O ║ CH3 – (CH2)5 – C – H heptanal enanthaldehyde

  29. EXAMPLE: CH3 3HC O ║ CH3 – C – CH2 – CH2 – C – C – H CH3 CH3 2,2,5,5 – tetramethylhexanal α,α,δ,δ – tetramethylcaproaldehyde

  30. EXAMPLE: O ║ C – H CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3 2 – ethylbutanal α– ethylbutyraldehyde

  31. EXAMPLE: O ║ NO2 CH3 – CH – C – CH2 – C – H OH CH3 4 – hydroxy – 3 – methyl – 3 – nitropentanal γ – hydroxy – β – methyl – β – nitrovaleraldehyde

  32. EXAMPLE: 3HC – 2HC CH2 –CH3 O ║ CH3 – (CH2)3 – C – C – (CH2)2 – C – H 3HC CH3 4,5 – diethyl – 4,5 – dimethyl – nonanal γ,δ – diethyl – γ,δ – dimethyl – pelargonaldehyde

  33. EXAMPLE: H H OH H O ║ CH2 – C – C – C – C – C – H OH OH OH H OH 2,3,4,5,6 – pentahydroxyhexanal α,β,γ,δ,ε – hydroxycaproaldehyde GLUCOSE

  34. GLUCOSE

  35. EXAMPLEs: O ║ CH3 – CH ═ CH – CH2 – C – H 3 – pentenal CH3 CH3 O ║ CH3 – C = CH – CH2 –CH2 – C = CH – C – H 3,7 – dimethyl– 2,6 – octadienal CITRAL

  36. EXAMPLE: O ║ C – H CH2 CH3 – (CH2)3 – C – (CH2)4 –CH ═ CH2 CH2 – CH3 3 – butyl – 3 – ethyl – 8 – nonenal

  37. O ║ EXAMPLEs: CH3 – C ≡ C – CH ═ CH – CH2 – C – H 3 – heptenal – 5 – yne 3 – ene – 5 – heptynal 3 – hepten – 5 – yne – al CH2 – (CH2)3 – C ≡ C – CH – (CH2)2 – CH3 Cl O ║ C – H 8 – chloro – 2 – propyl – 3 – octynal

  38. EXAMPLEs: O ║ C – H cyclohexanal cyclohexanecarbaldehyde O ║ C – H 3 – hydroxycyclopentanal HO γ – hydroxycyclopentanecarbaldehyde

  39. EXAMPLEs: OH 4 – hydroxy – 2 – cyclobutenal O ║ C – H δ – hydroxycyclobutenecarbaldehyde 2 – cyclopropynal O ║ C – H cyclopropynecarbaldehyde

  40. EXAMPLEs: O ║ C – H benzaldehyde O ║ C – H 3HC 3 – methyl – 5 – nitrobenzaldehyde γ – methyl – ε - nitrobenzaldehyde NO2

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