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Operational Level Lesson 4 Presentation

Operational Level Lesson 4 Presentation. Hazardous Materials for First Responders, 3 rd Ed. Strategic Goals and Tactical Objectives. Strategic goals — Broad statements of what must be done to resolve the incident

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Operational Level Lesson 4 Presentation

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  1. Operational Level Lesson 4 Presentation Hazardous Materials for First Responders, 3rd Ed.

  2. Strategic Goals andTactical Objectives • Strategic goals — Broad statements of what must be done to resolve the incident • Tactical objectives — Specific operations that must be done in order to accomplish goals Operational Level

  3. Standard Strategic Goals • Isolation • Notification • Identification • Protection • Spill control/confinement • Leak control/containment • Fire control • Recovery and termination Operational Level

  4. Scene Perimeters andHazard Control Zones • Isolation perimeter — Outer boundary of an incident that is controlled to prevent entrance by the public or unauthorized persons • Initial isolation distance — Distance within which all persons should be considered for evacuation in all directions from the actual spill/leak source (1 of 8) Operational Level

  5. Scene Perimeters andHazard Control Zones • Initial-isolation zone — Circular zone (with a radius equivalent to the initial isolation distance) within which persons may be exposed to dangerous concentrations upwind of the source and may be exposed to life-threatening concentrations downwind of the source (2 of 8) Operational Level

  6. Scene Perimeters andHazard Control Zones • Protective action distance — Downwind distance for which protective actions should be considered • Protective-action zone — Area immediately adjacent to and downwind from the initial isolation zone, which is in imminent danger of being contaminated by airborne vapors within 30 minutes of material release (3 of 8) Operational Level

  7. Scene Perimeters andHazard Control Zones (4 of 8) Operational Level

  8. Scene Perimeters andHazard Control Zones • Hazard control zones — Zones dividing the levels of hazard of an incident (hot, warm, or cold), with the hot zone representing the highest degree of hazard; also called site work zones or scene-control zones (5 of 8) Operational Level

  9. Scene Perimeters andHazard Control Zones • Decontamination zone — Area located in the warm zone where contaminated clothing, people, and equipment can be cleaned or secured • Area of safe refuge — Primarily an area serving as a safe place to wait for evacuation assistance in the event of fire when building elevators are normally inaccessible; used in the haz mat world as a safe location (or locations) where evacuated persons are directed to gather while potential emergencies are assessed, decisions are made, and mitigating activities are begun (6 of 8) Operational Level

  10. Scene Perimeters andHazard Control Zones • Staging area — Area where personnel and equipment awaiting assignment to the incident are held (which keeps responders and equipment out of the way and safe until needed), minimizing confusion and freelancing at the scene; located at an isolated spot in the cold zone where occupants cannot interfere with ongoing operations (7 of 8) Operational Level

  11. Scene Perimeters andHazard Control Zones • Rehabilitation area (rehab area) — Safe location where emergency personnel can rest, sit or lie down, have food and drink, and have medical conditions evaluated; located in the cold zone • Triage/treatment area — Area where victims of an incident are brought for medical assessment (triage) and stabilization (treatment); located in the cold zone unless a patient is contaminated, then it would have to be the warm zone (8 of 8) Operational Level

  12. Notifying Additional Helpat a Haz Mat Incident • Consult SOPs, SOGs, OIs, and LERPs for detailed information. Operational Level

  13. Factors Affecting the Ability of Personnel to Perform a Rescue • Nature of the hazardous material and incident severity • Availability of appropriate PPE • Availability of monitoring equipment • Number of victims and their condition • Time needed (including a safety margin) to complete the rescue • Tools, equipment, and other devices needed to achieve the rescue Operational Level

  14. Rescue Risks Associatedwith DOT Hazard Classes • Class 1 — Thermal injury, due to heat generated by the detonation; mechanical injury from the shock, blast overpressure, fragmentation, shrapnel, or structural damage; chemical injuries from associated contamination; etiological harm from contact with blood or other bodily fluids; asphyxiation due to depletion of oxygen (1 of 4) Operational Level

  15. Rescue Risks Associatedwith DOT Hazard Classes • Class 2 — Thermal, asphyxiant, chemical, or mechanical hazard due to violent rupture of pressurized containers; thermal harm due to extremely cold temperatures; asphyxiation due to chemical vapors in a confined space • Class 3 — Thermal hazards from forceful explosions, heat, and fire; chemical and mechanical injuries from explosions (2 of 4) Operational Level

  16. Rescue Risks Associatedwith DOT Hazard Classes • Class 4 — Thermal harm from heat and flammability; mechanical harm from slip, trip, and fall hazards; chemical harm from water reactive, toxic, and/or corrosive materials • Class 5 — Thermal, chemical, and mechanical harm due to sensitivity to heat, shock, friction, and contamination • Class 6 — Chemical harm due to toxicity by inhalation, ingestion, and skin and eye contact; etiological harm from disease-causing organisms; thermal injuries due to flammability (3 of 4) Operational Level

  17. Rescue Risks Associatedwith DOT Hazard Classes • Class 7 — Thermal and radiological harm from alpha, beta, and neutron particles, and gamma rays • Class 8 — Chemical and thermal hazards associated with the disintegration of contacted tissues; mechanical harm from corrosive chemicals, which can weaken structural elements • Class 9 — Could encompass a multitude of potential hazards (4 of 4) Operational Level

  18. Operational-Level Rescue Actions • Conducting searches during reconnaissance or defensive activities • Conducting searches on the edge of the hot zone • Directing victims to the decontamination area • Assisting with decontamination while not coming into contact with the hazardous material itself • Assisting with the identification of victims • Giving instructions to a large number of people for mass decontamination Operational Level

  19. Sizing Up a Haz Mat Incident • Estimate the number and type of exposures involved. • Use the ERG and other sources to predict or attempt to predict where the hazardous material may be going. • After predicting the size of the endangered area, predict the potential exposures. (1 of 2) Operational Level

  20. Sizing Up a Haz Mat Incident • Protect exposures. • People — Through evacuation or sheltering in place • Environment — Through confinement of released materials and runoff until environmental impact can be determined • Property — Action must be tailored to the material, its properties, and any reactions to the proposed protective medium Note: Lives must not be risked and the environment must not be unduly compromised to safe property! (2 of 2) Operational Level

  21. Evacuation • Definition — To move all people from a threatened area to a safer place • Factors — Must be enough time to warn people, for them to get ready, and for them to leave the area Note: Evacuation plans for likely terrorist targets should be made in advance as part of the LERP • Steps • Evacuate nearby, downwind, or crosswind within the distance recommended by the ERG. • Send evacuees upwind/uphill/upstream of the incident. • Assign enough personnel to conduct the evacuation. Operational Level

  22. Sheltering-In-Place Protection • To direct people to go quickly inside a building and remain inside until the danger passes • When to use • The population is unable to initiate evacuation because of health care, detention, or educational occupancies • The material is spreading too rapidly to allow time for evacuation • The material is too toxic to risk any exposure • Vapors are heavier than air, and people are in a high-rise structure • Direct people to a building, instructing them to close all doors and windows and to shut off all HVAC systems Operational Level

  23. Confinement • Controlling the product that has already been released from its container • Function — Minimizes the amount of contact the product makes with people, property, and the environment • Tactics • Absorption • Adsorption • Blanketing/covering • Dam, dike, diversion, and retention • Vapor suppression (1 of 2) Operational Level

  24. Confinement (2 of 2) Operational Level

  25. Absorption • A physical and/or chemical event occurring during contact between materials that have an attraction for each other • One material is retained in the other • Procedure — The absorbent is spread directly onto the hazardous material or in a location where the material is expected to flow • Refer to Skill Sheet 4–1. Note: After use, absorbents must be treated and disposed of as hazardous materials because they retain the properties of the materials they absorb Operational Level

  26. Adsorption and Blanketing/Covering • Adsorption — The molecules of the hazardous material physically adhere to the material • Blanketing/covering — Covering the surface of the spill to prevent dispersion of materials Operational Level

  27. Damming, Diking,Diversion, and Retention • A way to control the flow of liquid hazardous materials away from the point of discharge • Can be made by using earthen materials or materials carried on response vehicles • Procedure — Construct curbs that direct or divert the flow away from gutters, drains, storm sewers, flood-control channels, and outfalls • Refer to Skill Sheets 4–2 through 4–5. Note: Any construction materials that contact the spilled material must be properly disposed of. Operational Level

  28. Vapor Suppression • The action taken to reduce the emission of vapors at a haz mat spill • Spills of flammable and combustible liquids may require fire-fighting foams. • Refer to Skill Sheet 4–6. Operational Level

  29. Using Foams • Application methods • All fire-fighting foams (except fluoroprotein types) should not be plunged directly into the spill, but applied onto the ground at the edge of the spill and rolled gently onto the material. • Rainfall method — Spraying foam into the air over the target area in a fog pattern • Considerations • Water destroys and washes away foam blankets; do not use water streams in conjunction with the application of foam. • A material must be below its boiling point; foam cannot seal vapors of boiling liquids. Operational Level

  30. Other Spill-Control Tactics • Ventilation — Controlling the movement of air by natural or mechanical means • Vapor dispersion • The action taken to direct or influence the course of airborne hazardous materials • Procedure: Using pressurized streams of water from handlines or unmanned master streams; streams create turbulence, which increases the rate of mixing with air and reduces the concentration of the hazardous material • Refer to Skill Sheet 4–7. (1 of 4) Operational Level

  31. Other Spill-Control Tactics (2 of 4) Operational Level

  32. Other Spill-Control Tactics • Dispersion — The breaking up or dispersing of a hazardous material that has spilled on a solid or liquid surface • Dilution • The application of water to a water-soluble material to reduce the hazard • Is not typically used for spill control, but during decontamination operations • May be used when very small amounts of corrosive materials are involved • Refer to Skill Sheet 4–8. (3 of 4) Operational Level

  33. Other Spill-Control Tactics • Dissolution — The process of dissolving a gas in water • Neutralization — The process of raising or lowering the pH of corrosive materials to render them netural (4 of 4) Operational Level

  34. Leak Control/Containment Tactics • Remote shutoff activation • Cargo tank trucks — Locations vary depending on truck • Piping systems and pipelines • Uses — May be used to stop the flow of product to the incident area without entering into the hot zone • Locations — Contact onsite maintenance personnel or local utility workers (1 of 2) Operational Level

  35. Leak Control/Containment Tactics • Valve actuation • Vacuuming • Pressure isolation and reduction • Solidification • Patching/plugging • Overpacking • Product transfer • Crimping (2 of 2) Operational Level

  36. Typical Fire-Control Tactics • Controlled burn • Exposure protection • Withdrawal • Extinguishment Operational Level

  37. Foam • All foams must be proportioned and aerated before they can be used. • Proportioned — Mixed with water • Aerated — Mixed with air • Foam categories • For use on Class A fuels (ordinary combustibles) • For use on Class B fuels (flammable and combustible liquids) Operational Level

  38. Foam Methods • Separating — Creates a barrier between the fuel and burning vapors • Cooling — Lowers the temperature of the fuel and adjacent surfaces • Suppressing — Prevents the release of additional flammable vapors, access to oxygen in the atmosphere, and therefore reduces the possibility of ignition or reignition Operational Level

  39. Foam Terms • Foam concentrate — Liquid found in a foam storage container before the introduction of water, typically found as 1-, 3-, or 6-percent concentrates • Foam solution — Mixture in the proper ratio of foam concentrate and water before the introduction of air • Foam proportioner — Device that mixes foam concentrate in the proper ratio with water • Finished foam — Completed product after air is introduced into the foam solution and after it leaves the nozzle or aerator Operational Level

  40. Foam Proportioning • Class B foam concentrates are mixed in proportions from 1 to 6 percent (1:99 or 6:94 ratio of concentrate to water); proper proportion rates are listed on the outside of the foam concentrate container • Can be done via a fixed system, an apparatus-mounted system, or portable foam proportioning equipment • Can be applied with either standard fog nozzles or air-aspirating foam nozzles Operational Level

  41. Foam-Making Process Operational Level

  42. Regular Protein Foam • Is virtually nonexistent in today’s fire service • Characteristics • Is available in 3- and 6-percent concentrations • Has excellent water-retention capabilities • Has high heat resistance • Its performance can be affected by freezing and thawing. • Stores at temperatures ranging from 35º to 120ºF (2ºC to 49ºC) (1 of 2) Operational Level

  43. Regular Protein Foam • Characteristics • Can be compounded for freeze protection using a nonflammable antifreeze solution • Is not compatible with dry-chemical extinguishing agents • Is only used on hydrocarbon fuels (2 of 2) Operational Level

  44. Fluoroprotein Foam • Is available in 3- and 6-percent concentrations • Stores at temperatures ranging from 35º to 120ºF (2ºC to 49ºC); however, can be freeze-protected with nonflammable antifreeze solution • Its performance is not affected by freezing and thawing. • Is premixable for short periods of time (based on the manufacturer’s recommendations) (1 of 2) Operational Level

  45. Fluoroprotein Foam • Maintains rather low viscosity at low temperatures • Is compatible with simultaneous application of dry-chemical extinguishing agents • Is delivered through air-aspirating equipment • Is suitable for use on gasoline that has been blended with oxygen additives (2 of 2) Operational Level

  46. Fluoroprotein Foam for Subsurface Injection into Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks Operational Level

  47. Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam • Is available in 3- and 6-percent concentrations • Stores at temperatures ranging from 35º to 120ºF (2ºC to 49ºC) with fair low-temperature viscosity • Stores premixed in portable fire extinguishers and fire apparatus water tanks • Is compatible with simultaneous application of dry-chemical fire-fighting agents • Its performance is not affected by freezing and thawing. • Uses either freshwater or saltwater Operational Level

  48. Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) • Is available in 1-, 3-, and 6-percent concentrations for use with either freshwater or saltwater • Is premixable in portable fire extinguishers and apparatus water tanks • Stores at temperatures ranging from 25º to 120ºF (-5ºC to 49ºC) (Freezing and thawing do not adversely affect AFFF concentrates, but consult the manufacturer for details.) • Can be freeze-protective with nonflammable antifreeze solution (1 of 3) Operational Level

  49. Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) • Has good low-temperature viscosity • Is suitable for subsurface injection • Has fair penetrating capabilities in baled storage fuels or high surface-tension fuels such as treated wood • Is compatible with dry-chemical extinguishing agents • Is rather fast draining (2 of 3) Operational Level

  50. Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) • Its film-forming characteristics are adversely affected by fuels in excess of 140ºF (60ºC). • Oxygen additives (mandated by EPA) in blended gasoline can adversely affect film-forming characteristics; solvent-based performance additives in reformulated gasoline can also hamper AFFF’s performance. (3 of 3) Operational Level

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