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Pathophysiology 1 PHCL 324

Pathophysiology 1 PHCL 324. Lec. 1 Dr. Abdullah K. Rabba Ph.D. Objectives:. Define Pathophysiology Understand and define related terminology: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations… Acute vs Chronic diseases Local vs systemic diseases Define homeostasis, epidemiology.

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Pathophysiology 1 PHCL 324

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  1. Pathophysiology 1PHCL 324 Lec. 1 Dr. Abdullah K. Rabba Ph.D

  2. Objectives: • Define Pathophysiology • Understand and define related terminology: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations… • Acute vs Chronic diseases • Local vs systemic diseases • Define homeostasis, epidemiology

  3. Pathophysiology: The study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result of an injury, or disease. (study of mechanisms of diseases)

  4. Pathology: the study of changes in cells and tissues as a result of injury or disease. Physiology: the mechanisms of human body functioning

  5. Understanding Pathophysiology • Etiology • Pathogenesis • Clinical manifestations • Diagnosis and treatment

  6. Pathogenesis • Is the sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of the disease or • Origination and development or • Disease Beginning

  7. Example to understand pathogenesis • In Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Pancreatic beta-cells destruction years Progression of beta-cell destruction Developing signs and symptoms

  8. Disease: functional impairment of cells, tissues, organs, or organ systems. • The term Diseases are used to include: injuries, disorders, illnesses, and syndromes. • Syndrome: a specific condition with a recognizable, predictable pattern.

  9. Etiology • Etiology: The cause of the disease • Etiologic agents : biologic agents (bacteria), physical forces (burns), chemical agents (poison), nutritional excess or deficit • If the etiology is unknown, the disease said to be idiopathic • If the disease is a byproduct of medical diagnosis or treatment it is said to be iatrogenic

  10. Clinical manifestations • Clinical Manifestations are the presenting signs and symptoms. • Sings and symptoms are terms used to describe the structural and functional changes that accompany a disease

  11. Symptoms: are complaints reported by the patient or by someone else on behalf of the patient (Subjective manifestations) • Sings: direct observation by an examiner (Objective Manifestations)

  12. Symptoms: e.g. Pain, Dizziness, etc difficult to observe or measure • Signs: e.g. High temperature, or blood pressure. measurable

  13. Signs and Symptoms Local Systemic Local: Manifestations found at the site of disease, e.g local swelling or redness, pain. Systemic: Manifestations present throughout the body, e.g. fever, lethargy, and high BP.

  14. Signs and Symptoms Acute Chronic Acute: begins abruptly and lasts a few days to a few months. (e.g. common cold) Chronic: insidious (gradual in onset). Lasts more than 6 months

  15. With chronic diseases patients can have remissions (symptom-free periods) and exacerbations (flaring of symptoms)

  16. Pathophysiology Terms pathophysiology Etiology Signs Pathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Mechanism of Disease Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment

  17. Diagnosis and treatment • Prognosis: the forecast or prediction of how the patient will proceed through the disease process. • Excellent prognosiscomplete recovery • Poor Prognosis increasing risk of morbidity and mortality. • Morbidity: a negative outcome of disease that affects the quality of life. • Mortality: Death of patient.

  18. What is homeostasis? • Homeostasis: is a dynamic balance in the body marked by the appropriate and effective response to stimuli, thereby, keeping the body in a steady state. Homeostasis is an important body goal.

  19. What is epidemiology? • The study of disease in populations in order to: • Recognize where a disease is most widely spread. • Recognize who is most affected by the disease. • Discover why the disease is presenting in certain population • Discover how to reduce the spread of disease

  20. Incidence: is the rate of occurrence of a disease at any given time. (probability). E.g. incidence of Down Syndrome is 1 in 733. • Prevalence: the number or percentage of a population that is affected by a particular disease at a given time. E.g. 400,000 people in the US are currently living with Down Syndrome.

  21. Quiz • A patient wants to know what has caused his illness. This information is termed: • A: Etiology • B: Pathogenesis. • C: Epidemiology. • D: Nosocomia. • Which of the following terms indicate the dynamic steady state that the body strives to achieve every day? • A: Mortality • B: Morbidity • C: Homeostasis • D: Health • Pathophysiology is------------------------

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