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The world of emotion is two-dimensional, .. or is it?

Yuh-Ling Shen (Nat. Chen Univ. Ta iwan). The world of emotion is two-dimensional, .. or is it?. Etienne B. Roesch (Univ. Geneva) Johnny R. J. Fontaine (Univ. Ghent) Klaus R. Scherer (Univ. Geneva) etienne.roesch@pse.unige.ch. > Results. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva)

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The world of emotion is two-dimensional, .. or is it?

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  1. Yuh-Ling Shen (Nat. Chen Univ. Taiwan) The world of emotion is two-dimensional,.. or is it? Etienne B. Roesch (Univ. Geneva) Johnny R. J. Fontaine (Univ. Ghent) Klaus R. Scherer (Univ. Geneva) etienne.roesch@pse.unige.ch

  2. > Results Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 The “Grid Study” is about assessing the semanticspace of affect labels across languages. > Dissecting the elephant, or the “Curse of the Blinkers” > The “Grid Study” +

  3. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 More than meets the eye: the allegory ofthe blind men and the elephant. • Many perspectives can be applied to the study of emotions • Should we dissect the elephant? • What model for what purpose? • Beware of the Curse of the Blinkers! Katsushika Hojusai (1760–1849)

  4. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 The construct of an emotion that researchersdescribe can be divided into components. Appraisal of events Psycho-physiological changes Subjective experiences Motor expressions Emotion regulation Action tendencies

  5. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 Very different models focus on very different phenomena.

  6. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 Dimensional models play an important role in both empirical and applied emotion research. • Represent emotional constructs in low-dimensional spaces • Conceptual economy • Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience • Clinical settings • Affective Computing • modeling • sensing • expressing e.g., Davidson, & Irwin (1999)Picard (1997)

  7. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 Dimensions may .. a) structure affective experience,b) represent the underlying cognitive structure of affect. • Osgood, May, & Miron (1975)Russel, & Mehrabian (1977) Evaluation, Activation, Dominance(semantic differential) Arousal • Russell (1978, 1980)Circumplex Model of Affect Pleasure/Displeasure, Arousal(similarity sorting) • Russell et al. (1989)Cross-cultural replicationSimilar for facial expressions of emotions Valence

  8. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 The Valence–Arousal model is an integrative model(Russell, & Feldman-Barrett, 1999 – Dissecting the Elephant)

  9. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 .. or is it? • Inconsistent findings • Pleasantness–Arousal • Pleasantness–Dominance (e.g., Gehm, & Scherer, 1988) • Pleasantness–Arousal–Dominance (e.g., Corralize, 1987) • Calmness/Tension–Alertness/Sleepiness (e.g., Thayer, 1996) • Even in cross-cultural settings • Shaver, Schwartz, et al. (1987, 1992) • Fontaine et al. (1992; 2001, 2006)The Leuven Emotion Scale Similarity sorting + Frequency of experience Valence–Potency (no Arousal!!) • Results depend on • The words you use (Scherer, 1984): gloomy, droopy, tired .. • The number of words you assess • The methodology you apply

  10. “Angry” “Happy” “Sad” Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 Actually, you can find a circumplex, but embedded in a space more complex than it seemed. Scherer (1984, 2005) similarity sorting

  11. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 The “Grid Study” is about the implicit meaning of the words we use daily to describe our affective experience. International Consortium for Cross-cultural Research on Affect (ICCRA)

  12. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 The “GRID” is an instrument to assess any emotion word. • Emotion words are organized in categories with more or less prototypical exemplars • Emotions as conglomerate of changes in the components(Scherer, 2001) • What are the dimensions? • What are the constituents of the dimensions?

  13. Appraisal of events Psycho-physiological changes Subjective experiences Motor expressions Emotion regulation Action tendencies Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 Does denotation meet connotation? What is the implicit meaning commonly inferred by emotion words? H1 – Prototypical emotion words refer to coordinated changes in most or all of the emotion components H2 – Due to interdependencies, the variability in the emotion components can be represented in low-dimensional spaces

  14. Appraisal of events – 31 emotion featuresScherer (2001) + Markus, Kitayama (1991) + Lazarus (1991) Psycho-physiological changes – 18 emotion features Stemmler (2003) Motor expressions (face, voice, gesture) – 26 emotion features Scherer, Wallbot, & Summerfield (1986) Action tendencies – 40 emotion features Frijda, Kuipers, & Terschure (1989) Subjective experiences (feeling) – 20 emotion features Yik et al. (1999) + Scherer (2005) + Thayer (1996) + Stever et al. (1994) Emotion regulation – 7 emotion features Ekman, & Friesen (1969) Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 The GRID instrument measures all theproposed components of emotion.

  15. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 We applied the GRID to a sample of emotion words used both in daily life, and by emotion scientists specifically. • “Often used in emotion research” (12)Anger, Contempt, Disgust, Fear, Guilt, Interest, Joy, Pleasure, Pride, Sadness, Shame, Surprise • “Reported with some frequency in large scale studies” (8)Anxiety, Compassion, Contentment, Despair, Disappointment, Happiness, Irritation, Stress • “Explicitly interpersonal” (4)Being hurt, Jealousy, Hate, Love

  16. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 We compared samples in Dutch (N=198), English (N=188),French (N=145), and Chinese from Taiwan (N=182). • Web-based instrument hosted in Swiss Centre of Affective Sciences • 4 emotion words / part. (random) • 1 hour • Likelihood that each emotion feature is related to the emotion word

  17. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 Principal Component Analysis onto the profiles within and across the three western languages showed 4 dimensions.

  18. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 These results confirm both of our hypothesis. • We found a reliable and replicable structure across the languages therefore,Emotion words refer to coordinated changes in the components • H1 • Changes in one component are strongly and coherently related to changes in the other componentsleading to a straightforward four-factorial structure • H2

  19. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 Whereas there is more difference with Chinese than between Western languages, we find a reliable 4D structure.

  20. Appraisal of events - emphasis on intentionality, agency - emphasis on resource management Psycho-physiological changes - “lump in throat” has a very different meaning Motor expressions (face, voice, gesture) - some facial features change meaning (upper part of the face) - emphasis on duration of vocal utterance Action tendencies - slight change in the meaning of activity / apathy features Subjective experiences (feeling) - submissive / dominant Emotion regulation - submissive / dominant Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 Within each component, specific features switch meaning, denoting translation issues or .. real cultural differences!

  21. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 1.3 billion of people speak Chinese... a.k.a. how to do within-language comparisons.

  22. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 Our aim is to flatten the world... a.k.a. how to do between-languages comparisons.

  23. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 Finally, here comes the take home message .. • The Curse of the BlinkersA two-dimensional model is biasing • We found a highly replicable structure between three western languages, and traditional chinese (Taiwan): “Remember” • Evaluation / Pleasantness • Potency / Control • Activation / Arousal • Unpredictability • Most importantly, we now have an instrument to tap the very features that constitute the dimensions

  24. Etienne B. Roesch (U. Geneva) HUMAINE – Final Plenary, June 4-6, 2007 Thank you very muchfor your attention! Merci !

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