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NEPAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN & RED DATA BOOKS

Discover Nepal's rich biodiversity and the strategies to conserve it through the Nepal Biodiversity Strategy. Learn about the historical background, threats, and organizational structures involved in biodiversity conservation. Explore the diverse ecosystem, species, and genetic levels crucial to Nepal's livelihood. Delve into the unique land use patterns, existing mechanisms for conservation, and categories like protected areas, forests, rangelands, and agrobiodiversity. This comprehensive plan aims to uphold the CBD commitments, sustainable use of biological resources, and fair benefit sharing.

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NEPAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN & RED DATA BOOKS

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  1. NEPAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN & RED DATA BOOKS • Ram P. Chaudhary • Central Department of Botany • Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur • Email:ram@cdbtu.wlink.com.np • Introduction • Historical background • Biodiversity (categories & threats) • Strategy to conserve biodiversity • Organizational structure for • Implementation • Flora • Red data books • Conclusion

  2. Nepal rich in biodiversity • Rich and unique assemblage of biodiversity at ecosystem, species and genetic levels within a small area (147,181 sq. Km) • High variation in altitude, aspect and slope reflected in diverse topography and climatic conditions • Crucial to the livelihood of the people of Nepal and adjoining areas • Mosaic of Landuse pattern: Forest (29%), Agricultural land (21%), Grassland (12%), Shrubland (10.6%), Water (2.6%), Non-cultivated (7%), Others (17.8%) • Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (NBS) – A committment of HMG and the people of Nepal • For protection and wise use of biological diversity & biological resources • For maintenance of ecological processes and systems • For fair & equitable sharing of benefits • To provide a strategic planning framework for conservation of biodiversity • To honour the obligations of the CBD (CBD Article 6- General Measures for Conservation and Sustainable Use)

  3. Nepal signed Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) June 1992 • CBD was ratified by Nepalese parliament on November 23, 1993 • CBD was enforced in Nepal since February 21, 1994 • Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (NBS) was published in 2002

  4. Historical background • National Biodiversity Action Plan (1998) – Resources Nepal Draft • Nepal National Biodiversity Action Plan (1999) – Mark Zimsky Draft • Nepal Biodiversity Action Plan (2000) – Chaudhary et al. Draft 2000 • (Core group: Ram P. Chaudhhary (Team leader), Damodar P. Parajuli, Pramod K. Jha, Narayan Belbase, Keshav R. Kanel, Tulsi B. Prajapati • Reviewers: Rabi B. Bista, Uday R. Sharma and Bhesh R. Dhamala) • Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (2002) – Phillip Tortell & Bijay Kattel Draft • 5.1 Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (2002) – Final Draft • 5.2 Nepal Biodiversity Implementation Plan (2003) - Draft • (Ram P. Chaudhary (Team leader), Shanta R. Jnawali, Sonam Bennet Vasseux under the supervisison of Uday R. Sharma)

  5. 6.1 NEPAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY (NBS) 2002 – HMG, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation supported by GEF & UNDP-Nepal) • EXISTING MECHANISM FOR CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY • Six categories of biodiversity conservation • Protected areas • Forests • Rangelands • Agrobiodiversity • Wetlands • Mountain biodiversity

  6. Protected areas (PA) Well established network of protected areas system (PAs – 18.32 %) PAs No. Sq. Km % National parks 9 10,288 38 Wildlife reserves 3 979 4 Hunting reserves 1 1,325 5 Conservation areas 3 11,325 42 Buffer zones 6 3,051 11 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: NBS 2002

  7. Forests (29 %) • Master Plan for Forestry Sector (1989-2010) has put together a set of policies and objectives: • Sustainable utilization of forest resources • Meeting the basic needs of the people • User’s participation in decision making and benefit sharing

  8. Forests ..... • Five sub-categories of national forests • Government managed forest • Community forests • Leasehold forests • Religious forests • Protected forests • Community forestry(CF) programs • Potential forest area for CF – 3.5 million ha (24%) • CF has contributed restore a larger part of mid-hills ecosystems • Local participation – bottom up planning and sustainable use • Decentralized resource decisions making • 0.8 million ha, over 11,000 FUGs, 1.2 million households

  9. Rangelands (11.5 %) • Represented in all-physiographic zones (80 % in subalpine and alpine zones) • Home of several threatened plant and animal species • High altitude rangelands rich in endemic species and key NTFPs • Indigenous system of rangelands management

  10. Agrobiodiversity High diversity of agro-ecological practice reflected in terms of variability of landrace of crops, fruits, vegetables and indigenous livestock breeds Traditional farming systems crucial to management of agrobiodiversity

  11. Wetlands biodiversity • Nepal’s Wetlands: 242 wetlands recorded (163 wetlands in lowlands; 79 in hills and mountains) • One Ramsar site; three new wetland sites proposed (Bishhazari tal, Jagadishpur reservoir, Ghodaghodi tal) • Management: Role of local communities (primary beneficiaries) crucial • Wetland policy formulated

  12. Mountain biodiversity • Nepal a mountainous country (> 80%) • High level of plant beta diversity • Sustainability of mountain development provides basis of livelihood of majority of Nepalese people • Integrated watershed management has been proven successful to rehabilitate watersheds using: vegetative, agronomic, and water resource management measures

  13. MAJOR THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY • Ecosystem loss • Species loss, and • Loss of genetic resourses • Threats to ecosystem loss • Habitat loss and deforestation (1.7 %) • Year Forest (%) Shrubland (%) Total • 1978/79 38 4.7 42.7 • 1990-91 29 10.6 39.6 • --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Source: HMGN-DFRS (1999)

  14. Threats to protected areas • Grazing • Poaching • Illegal timber harvesting • Threats to rangeland biodiversity • Enormous pressure of rangelands ecosystem (high number of grazing domestic cattles) • Depletion of palatable plant species • Threats to wetland biodiversity • Encroachment of wetland habitat • Unsustainable practice: overgrazing, use of pesticides and poisons

  15. Threats to agrobiodiversity biodiversity • Loss of indigenous/local landrace and their wild relatives • Extension of high yielding crop varieties • Threats to mountain biodiversity • Overexploitation of selected plant species and poaching of animals for trade

  16. STRATEGIES TO CONSERVE BIODIVERSITY • 1. Cross-Sectoral Strategies (17) • Landscape planning approach • Integrating local participation • Institutional strengthening • In-situ conservation • Strengthening the national biodiversity unit • Increasing support for biodiversity research and conservation • Endorsing indigenous knowledge and innovations • Cross-sectoral co-ordination and implementation of policies • Enhancing national capacity • Ex-situ conservation/biotechnology • Securing intellectual property and farmer’s property rights • Biodiversity prospecting • Environmental Impact Assessment • Women in biodiversity conservation • Developing eco-tourism • Increasing conservation awareness • Biodiversity registration

  17. Secroral Strategies • 1. Protected areas (8) • New models of protection and management (Annapurna, Kanchenjunga, Manaslu CA) • Inceasing co-ordination • Capacity enhancement • Representation of all ecosystems in protected areas • Biodiversity inventories • Exchange of information • Species conservation plan • Management of protected area tourism

  18. 2. Forests (9) • Forest rehabilitation • Inventory of floristic and faunistic components (for Flora and Fauna) • Ecosystem network and representation • Understanding forest resilience and biodiversity (to support subsistence agriculture) • Local participation (Community forestry approach) • Strengthening management practices (equity in community forestry) • Sustainable harvesting of forest resources • Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) • Religious forest management

  19. 3. Rangelands (4) • Need for a national rangeland policy • Conservation of rangeland biodiversity • Pastoral development and management in the Himalayas • Forage development through integrated management planning

  20. 4. Agrobiodiversity (3) • Participatory plant breeding • Participatory variety selection • Gene bank • ............................................................................. • 5. Wetlands (1) • Management of wetlands through policy development, research, identification of responsible institution • .............................................................................. • 6. Mountain biodiversity (2) • National mountain policy • Integrated management

  21. Organizational Structure for Implementation of the Strategy National Biodiversity Co-ordination Committee (NBCC) (based in the lead agency & comprising representatives from Government organizations, private sector, Academia, Civil society and Donors) Thematic subcommittees 1. Forest biodiversity 2. Agrobiodiversity 3. Sustainable use of biological resources 4. Genetic resources 5. Biosecurity Implementing departments/ Institutional organizations National Biodiversity Unit DISTRICT BIODIVERSITY COMMITTEE PROJECT

  22. FINANCIAL RESOURCES • Nepal Trust Fund for Biodiversity • (GEF, bilateral, multilateral, private sector and Government) • Fund will be constituted as a: • Legal, • Autonomous, and • Tax free entity

  23. Flora of Nepal • Resources Nepal Draft (1998) • Biodiversity Policy and Baseline Information: on biodiversity in community forestry (Endangered Flora and fauna), Potential collaborators identified DoF, FECOFUN, pp. 97 • Zimsky Draft (1999) • Capacity Building of Protected Area (Nepal Flora Implementation) – Potential collaborators identified DPR, CITES body, pp. 90 • Chaudhary et al. Draft (NBAP 2000) • Inventory and publication of Flora, pp 102; • Potential collaborators – DPR, CDB-TU, RONAST, ...., BM, TI, E, pp. 116 • Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (NBS 2002) • Inventory and publication of Flora, pp 136

  24. Nepal Biodiversity Implementation Plan (NBIP) Chaudhary et al. Draft (NBIP 2003) Biodiversity Inventory and Publication of Flora of Nepal, pp. 18 Nepal Biodiversity Implementation Plan 2004 – HMG/ MoFSC Status Flora of Nepal – Unknown

  25. Existing Agreements, Regulations, RulesCITESForest Act 1993 and amendmentsNational Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1973 (animals)Local Self-Governance Act 1998 Accomplishment Supporting NBS 2002 & NBIP (Draft)I. Access to Genetic Resources & Benefit Sharing Bill 2001 – MoFSCII. TIPs Agreement and Policy Bill 2001 – MoC III. Wetland Policy (May 22, 2003) – MoFSC IV. Plant Breeders and Farmers Rights (Draft 2004) – MoAC

  26. Red Data BooksThe red data books provide necessary information required to keep a particular (plant) species from becoming extinct. It covers information on threatened plants and animals that fall in to IUCN threat categories. Until 1970, very little substantial knowledge about threatened plants had been published (Red Data Book-I Mammalia by Noel Simon (1966) publ IUCN.Today there is wealth of information. In Europe, almost all countries have produced endangered or threatened plant lists (so called Red Data Books). The status of threatened & endangered species in the tropical regions is relatively uncertain. Priority areas for documentation of endangered flora: I. Islands (Cuba, Madagascar, New Caledonia)II. Geographical regions with varied ecologty and geology (Himalayas, California)III. Locations under various types of human pressure (Nepal, Malta, Cape-South Africa)

  27. Linkage to International and National Priorities, Action plan and ProgramsCBD Article 7 (Glowka et al. 1994)7a. identify the components of biodiversity for conservation & sustainable use7b. monitor the components of biological diversity7c. identify & monitor processes and categories having or likely to have significant adverse impacts on conservation and sustainable use, and 7d. maintain and organize the data derived from identification and monitoring activitiesNBS 2002 - Biodiversity inventoriesMPFS/N - 1989NSC – 1988NEPAP- I (1993) & NEPAP – II (1998) Darwin Initiative Project (1997-1999, and ongoing)

  28. IUCN Red List CategoriesExtinct (EX), Endangered (E), Vulnerable (V), Rare (R), Indeterminate (I), Insufficiently Known (K), Commercially Threatened (CT)1994 categories 2001 categoriesExtinct, EX Extinct, EXExtinct in the Wild, EW Extinct in the Wild, EW Critically Endangered (CR) – A to E Critically Endangered (CR) – A to E Endangered (EN – A to E) Endangered (EN) – A to E Vulnerable (VU) – A to E Vulnerable (VU) – A to E Lower Risk (LR) - Conservation Dependent (cd) - Near Threatened (nt) Near Threatened (NT) - Least Concern (lc) Least Concern (LC) Data Deficient (DD) Data Deficient (DD) Not Evaluated (NE) Not Evaluated (NE)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A – Reduction in population based on: (a) direct observation, (b) an index of abundance, (c) a decline in the area of occupancy, (d) Actual or potential level of exploitation, (e) the effect of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites B- Geographical range: B1 (extent of occurrence) or B2 (area of occupancy) OR bothC- Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals D- Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature individuals E- Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is atleast 50 % within 10 yrs

  29. The USSR Red Data BookA.M. Borodin and others, 1978Moscow, 460 pp. (with illustration)Botanical nameFamilyStatusDistributionHabitatAvailability in nature RegenerationReason for depletionCultivationConservation measures takenConservation measures neededReference

  30. Illustration

  31. British Red Data Books – mosses and liverwortsCompiled and edited by: J.M. Church, N.G. Hodgetts, C.D. Preston and N.F. Stewart. Publ NJCC, 2001(with few photographs)Preparation of the Red Data Book I. Area covered II. Taxonomy and nomenclature III. Initial selection of speciesCollation of records: Botanical name, English names, Synonyms, site- records, distribution, state of population, international distribution, ecology, threats, conservation needs, notes on identification, existing site protection, existing legal protection, experts with knowledge of the species, and references IV. Allocation of species to threat categories V. Interpretation of revised IUCN criteria (1994) VI. Number of species in threat categories

  32. Sources used during compilation1. Records collected by BBS members2. Details of locality, grid reference, date of record, recorder, and source of the record3. Herbaria4. Literature sources5. Expert knowledge6. Other organisations

  33. Rare, Endemic and Endangered Plants of Nepal TB Shrestha and RM Joshi 1996. WWF, NepalEach plant species is provided with:Botanical name and citationFamilyStatus (IUCN Threat category 1966)Distribution in Nepal (Type & others) and altitudeHabitat and ecology (whereever available)Botany (Description)Flowering time

  34. Conclusion • Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (NBS 2002) & Red Data Books • Nation’s blueprint for biodiversity conservation (national document providing guidelines to all Government organizations, NGOs, INGos, private sector & civil society & people of Nepal) • Biodiversity conservation and sustainable use is crucial to the livelihood of the people of Nepal • Success of NBS implementation needs co-ordination among all the sectors of the country • Success of NBS implementation requires substantial resources • Identification and Monitoring of components of Biodiversity (CBD Article 7) be an integral component of Nepal Biodiversity Implementation Plan also

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