Warm-up

1. Warm-up • When we are cold what does our body do to warm us up? • Our normal body Temp. is 98.6 do you think our body temp. increases when we exercise? • What core Temp. is dangerous for a heat illness? • Have you ever had heat cramps? Where do they normally occur? • Homework: read pages 606-621

2. Objectives 9/29/06 • Students will be able to identify the system that controls our bodies temperature • Students will be able to identify how our body reacts to the environment • Students will be able to differentiate between the major Hyperthermia environment conditions

3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CAN ADVERSELY AFFECT AN ATHLETES PERFORMANCE AND IN SOME INSTANCES POSE A SERIOUS HEALTH THREAT. THE CATEGORIES THAT ARE OF MAJOR CONCERN TO THE ATHLETIC TRAINER AND COACHES ARE THOSE MAINLY INVOLVING OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES. THE CATEGORIES ARE HYPERTHERMIA, HYP0THERMIA, ALTITUDE, EXPOSURE TO THE SUN, ELECTRICAL STORMS, AIR POLLUTION AND CIRCADIAN DYSRHYTHMIA.

4. TEMPERATURE REGULATION • THERMOREGULATORY SYSTEM: • MAINTAINS RELATIVELY CONSTANT INTERNAL BODY TEMPERATURE • CONTROLLED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS • ROLE OF THE SYSTEM IS LIKE A THERMOSTAT OF YOUR HOUSE • INCREASED PHYSICAL EXERTION DURING ATHLETIC ACTIVITY COMBINED WITH VARYING DEGREES OF INCREASED AIR TEMP. AND HUMIDITY CAN PLACE ABNORMAL DEMANDS ON THE SYSTEM • THIS IS PREVALENT DURING EARLY SEASON WORKOUTS

5. PHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF HEAT EXPOSURE • CORE TEMP. 98.6 • IMPORTANT TO KEEP HEAT LOSS AND HEAT GAINED AT A BALANCE LEVEL OR CORE TEMP. WILL RISE AND FALL

6. HYPERTHERMIA • ELEVATED BODY TEMPERATURE • HEAT STRESS • REGARDLESS OF THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL CONDITIONING ATHLETES MUST TAKE EXTREME CAUTION WHEN EXERCISING IN HOT, HUMID WEATHER • PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO EXTREME HEAT CAN RESULT IN HEAT ILLNESS • HEAT STRESS IS PREVENTABLE BUT EVERY YEAR MANY ATHLETES SUFFER ILLNESS AND EVEN DEATH FORM HEAT RELATED ISSUES

7. HYPERTHERMIA cont. • HEAT IS GAINED BY: • RADIATION: FROM SUN AND SURROUNDING OBJECTS • CONVECTION: TRANSFER OF HEAT FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER BY MOTION OR CIRCULATION • CONDUCTION: HEAT TRANSFER BY CONTACT WITH A SOLID OR LIQUID THAT IS WARMER OR COOLER THAN THE BODY

8. HYPERTHERMIA cont. • HEAT DISSIPATION AND LOSS • RADIATION • CONVECTION • CONDUCTION • EVAPORATION- MAJOR PORTION OF HEAT LOSS

9. EVAPORATION cont. • BODY’S MAJOR DEFENSE MECHANISM AGAINST OVERHEATING AND SERIOUS HEAT INJURY • COMBINATION OF HIGH TEMP. AND HIGH HUMIDITY DECREASES EVAPORATION PROCESS, THUS INCREASING THE POSSIBILITY OF HEAT RELATED PROBLEMS • A NORMAL PERSON CAN SWEAT OFF ABOUT ONE QUART OF WATER PER HOUR • SWEATING DOES NOT CAUSE HEAT LOSS THE SWEAT MUST BE EVAPORATED • HEAT LOSS IS IMPAIRED WHEN THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY REACHES 65% AND VIRTUALLY STOPS WHEN IT REACHES 75%! • OBVIOUSLY HEAT RELATED PROBLEMS HAVE THE GREATEST CHANCE OF OCCURRING ON DAYS WHEN THE SUN IS BRIGHT AND THE TEMP. AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ARE HIGH

11. Warm-up • Heat index is a combination of air temperature and _______. • The system that controls our core body temp. is called? • Why is it important to drink fluids 2-3 hours before competition? • Adults vs. Children: who is more susceptible to heat illness? • A heat illness with the characteristic of fainting is called? • A combination of cold temp. and wind is called? • When we gain heat by the sun or lose heat from our bodies this is an energy transfer by ______. • Gaining or losing heat through contact with another surface is called? • Gaining or losing heat through air or water contact is called?

12. HEAT ILLNESS • HEAT RASH- RED RASH WITH SENSATION OF PRICKLING AND TINGLING DURING SWEATING • HEAT SYNCOPE- FAINTING • DIZZINESS • FAINTING AND NAUSEA • HEAT CRAMPS • PAINFUL SPASM OF SKELETAL MUSCLE • CAUSED BY ELECTROLYTE LOSS OR FLUID VOLUME PROBLEM • CAN BE PREVENTED BY ADEQUATE REPLACEMENT OF SODIUM, CHLORIDE, POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM AND MOST IMPORTANT WATER • COMMON AREAS ARE: CALF AND ABDOMINALS • TREATMENTS INCLUDE STRETCH, ICE MASSAGE, REMOVAL FROM GAME AND FLUID REPLACEMENT • CRAMPING IS LIKELY TO RE-OCCUR

13. HEAT EXHAUSTION • DANGEROUS HEAT ILLNESS • CHARACTERISTICS: 1. PROFUSE SWEATING 2. COLD CLAMMY SKIN 3. HEADACHES 4. WEAKNESS 5. DIZZINESS 6. FATIGUE 7. NAUSEA 8. OCCASIONAL UNCONSCIOUSNESS 9. DISORIENTED 10. HEAT CRAMPS 11. RAPID WEAK PULSE 12. FAST SHALLOW RESPIRATION

14. HEAT EXHAUSTION • MAY LEAD TO COLLAPSE OF THE THERMOREGULATORY SYSTEM • TREATMENT • SHOCK • REMOVAL OF EQUIPMENT AND WET CLOTHES • DRINK COOL LIQUIDS IF CONSCIOUS • REMOVE FROM HOT AREA • COOL TOWELS • DO NOT COOL THEM QUICKLY, WHY? • OUT OF ACTIVITY

15. Warm-up • What is the name of the system that controls our body temp? • What is our core temp? • What are the s/s of heat exhaustion? • Why is heat exhaustion tough to diagnose? • What 2 major s/s help us to determine if it is heat exhaustion? • Gaining heat from the sun is called? • Gaining heat from the air is called? • The major way our body loses heat is by ____? • At what % humidity has the evaporation process stopped?

16. HEAT STROKELIFE THREATENING EMERGENCY • OCCURS WHEN THERMOREGULATORY SYSTEM IS COMPLETELY OVERWHELMED OF THE BLOOD VOLUME BECOMES SO LOW THAT THE SWEAT MECHANISM IS SHUT OF TO CONSERVE FLUID LEVELS • THE BODY TEMP. RISES RAPIDLY TO FATAL LEVELS (ABOVE 106 DEGREES)

17. HEAT STROKE • THIS IS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY!!! • CHARACTERISTICS: • HOT DRY SKIN 2. SKIN RED • CONVULSIONS 4. UNCONSCIOUSNESS • RISING TEMP. 6. PULSE RAPID & SLOW • SCARY SITUATION: COREY STRINGER DIED FROM THIS. HIS CORE TEMP WAS AROUND 108 DEGREES!

18. HEAT STROKEEMERGENCY CARE • CALL YOUR LOCAL EMS (911) IMMEDIATELY • COOL THE INDIVIDUAL AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE • BE PREPARED TO ADMINISTER CPR

19. PREVENTION OF HEAT ILLNESS • FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT • GRADUAL ACCLIMATIZATION; • Single most effective method of avoiding heat stress • Get accustomed to heat and exercise • Preseason workout programs are important • Progressive exposure should occur over a 7 to 10 day period

20. PREVENTION OF HEAT ILLNESS • IDENTIFY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUALS • INDIVIDUALS WITH LARGE MUSCLE MASS • INDIVIDUALS UNACCUSTOMED TO WORKING IN THE HEAT • OBESE • EAGER ATHLETES • ILL ATHLETES • MEDICATIONS • HISTORY OF HEAT ILLNESS

21. PREVENTION cont. • UNIFORMS • LIGHTWEIGHT • LOOSE FITTING • EXCESS PADDING AND TAPING • STOCKINGS • RUBBERIZED CLOTHING A NO NO! • CLEAN CLOTHING

22. PREVENTION cont. • WEIGHT RECORDS: A LOSS OF 3 TO 5% OF BODY WEIGHT WILL REDUCE BLOOD VOLUME AND COULD LEAD TO A HEAT PROBLEM • FOR EACH POUND OF FLUID LOST DURING ACTIVITY AN ATHLETE SHOULD CONSUME AT LEAST 20oz. OF FLUID • URINE COLOR: THE DARKER THE URINE THE MORE DEHYDRATED YOU ARE • TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY READINGS • DON’T RELY ON THIRST • SPORTS DRINKS ARE BETTER THAN WATER! • PICK THE BEST TIME OF DAY FOR PRACTICE

23. HYDRATION THAT’S HIGH QUALITY H2O

24. HUMIDITY LEVELS • REFER TO PAGE 31-G & I

25. TACKLING THE HEAT • A GAME PLAN FOR COMPETING SAFELY • VIDEO BROUGHT TO YOU BY THE GATORADE SPORTS SCIENCE INSTITUTE

26. FREDERICK COUNTY POLICY • ON DAYS WHEN HEAT AND HUMIDITY EXTREMES PRESENT DANGEROUS SITUATIONS, OR ANY TIME TEMPERATURES ARE OVER 90 DEGREES, CALL THE OFFICE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ATHLETICS OR THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE 703-936-1212 FOR DETAILS • YOU CAN ALWAYS CHECK THE INTERNET BEFORE PRACTICE FOR TEMP. AND HUMIDITY LEVELS (I DO THIS AT 2:00 AND RIGHT BEFORE I GO OUT FOR PRACTICE)

27. Warm-up • What role does humidity play in heat illnesses? • What individuals are susceptible to heat illness? • Name 5 ways to prevent heat illness • If your urine is clear are you hydrated or dehydrated? • What is the best time to practice? • Gaining and losing heat through head and feet is called? • Gaining and losing heat through contact with an object is called?

28. Test results • A (above 160) 6 • B (142-159) 8 • C (124-141) 5 • D (107-123) 1 • F (below 107) 3

29. COLD EXPOSURE • THERMOREGULATORY SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO PREVENT HYPOTHERMIA (COLD ILLNESS) • MUSCLE ACTIVITY INCREASED TO INCREASE METABOLISM • SHIVERING INCREASES MUSCLE ACTIVITY TO INCREASE HEAT

30. HEAT PRESERVATION • FAT- NATURAL INSULATE • VASOCONSTRICTION- SHUNTING BLOOD AWAY FROM SKIN TO AREAS THAT NEED HEAT • KEEPS BLOOD WARM • FAT ALSO KEEPS BODY COLD ONCE YOU EXPERIENCE HYPOTHERMIA

31. HEAT TRANSMISSION • REDUCE TRANSMISSION OF HEAT TO PREVENT COLD ILLNESS • REDUCE: • RADIATION BY COVERING AREAS, HEAD AND FEET ESPECIALLY • CONDUCTION BY AVOIDING CONTACT WITH COLD OBJECTS • CONVECTION BY AVOIDING COOL WIND AND DRESSING APPROPRIATELY • EVAPORATION BY WEARING LAYERS OF CLOTHING

32. COLD RELATED INJURIES • WHEN THERMOREGULATORY SYSTEM FAILS TO MAINTAIN CORE TEMP. • FROSTBITE: • FREEZING OF A PART OF THE BODY CAUSING THE INTRACELLULAR AND INTERSTITIAL MATER TO CRYSTALLIZE • EXTENT OF INJURY DEPENDS ON TEMP., WIND VELOCITY, DURATION, HUMIDITY, LACK OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING OR PRESENCE OF WET CLOTHING

33. DEGREES OF FROSTBITE • FROSTNIP- INVOLVES USUALLY EARS, NOSE, CHEEKS, CHIN, FINGERS AND TOES • SUPERFICIAL FROSTBITE- ONLY THE SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS LAYERS • DEEP FROSTBITE- SERIOUS INJURY INDICATING TISSUES THAT ARE FROZEN • TX- REWARM AND DO NOT RUB AREA, EXTREME BRING TO MEDICAL FACILITY • DO NOT USE HOT WATER TO REWARM AREA, WHY?

34. HYPOTHERMIA • CORE TEMP. BELOW 95 DEGREES • THERMOREGULATORY SYSTEM IS OVERWHELMED • BODY IS UNABLE TO REWARM ITSELF • IF CORE TEMP. DROPS BELOW 86 DEGREES IT IS LIFE THREATENING • EXHAUSTION IS OFTEN PREDISPOSING THE PROBLEM

35. HYPOTHERMIA cont. • EARLY S/S- SHIVERING, DEPRESSED RESPIRATIONS, SLOW IRREGULAR PULSE • AS TEMP. DECREASES SIGNS OF ALTERED MENTAL STATE OCCUR • AS TEMP. CONTINUES TO DECREASE S/S OF MUSCULAR RIGIDITY, COLLAPSE, COMA, RESPIRATORY FAILURE, CARDIOVASCULAR SHUTDOWN

36. HYPOTHERMIA TX • PREVENT HEAT LOSS • REMOVE FROM COLD • REWARM BODY • SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION

37. ALTITUDE • MAJORITY OF EVENTS DO NOT DEAL WITH ALTITUDE PROBLEMS • CHARACTERISTICS: LACK OF OXYGEN LEADS TO HYPERVENTILATION • INCREASED BREATHING • INCREASED HEART ACTION • INCREASED BLOOD ALKALINITY

38. ALTITUDE cont. • ADAPTATION: • HAVE ATHLETES ARRIVE 2 TO 3 WEEKS PRIOR TO COMPETITION • SOME SAY 3 DAYS IS ENOUGH • ALTITUDE ILLNESS: • ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS: • HEADACHE b. NAUSEA • VOMITING d. SLEEP DISTURBANCE • SICKLE CELL TRAIT REACTION • 8 TO 10% OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HAVE THIS TRAIT • SICKLE CELLS DO NOT TRANSPORT OXYGEN AS WELL AS NORMAL CELLS AND THEY ARE FRAGILE • WITH ALTITUDE THIS TRAIT CAN CAUSE THE SPLEEN TO ENLARGE AND RUPTURE

39. OVEREXPOSURE TO THE SUN • OFTEN IGNORED • LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON SKIN • PREMATURE AGING • DRYNESS, CRACKING AND DECREASED ELASTICITY • SKIN CANCER • INDIVIDUALS OF LIGHT PIGMENTATION ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO THESE PROBLEMS

40. USING SUNSCREEN • SUNSCREEN PROTECTION FACTOR (SPF) • THE HIGHER THE SPF THE BETTER • A SUNSCREEN OF 6 INDICATES THAT YOU CAN BE EXPOSED TO ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT SIX TIMES LONGER THAN WITHOUT IT • ANYONE OVER THE AGE OF 6 MONTHS SHOULD USE SUNSCREEN • SUNSCREENS ARE NEEDED MOST BETWEEN THE MONTHS OF MARCH AND NOVEMBER BUT SHOULD BE USED YEAR ROUND (SKIING) • SUNSCREENS ARE NEEDED MOST BETWEEN 10am AND 4pm • REFLECTION SHOULD ALWAYS BE A CONCERN

41. ELECTRICAL STORMS • LIGHTNING IS ONE OF THE TOP CAUSES OF DEATH BY WEATHER ACCOUNTING FOR OVER 110 DEATHS PER YEAR

42. FLASH TO BANG RATIO • THE MOST DANGEROUS STORMS GIVE LITTLE TO NO WARNING! • LIGHTNING IS ALWAYS ACCOMPANIED BY THUNDER • 20 TO 40% IF THUNDER CANNOT BE HEARD BECAUSE OF ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES • FLASH TO BANG METHOD GIVES YOU AN ESTIMATE OF HOW FAR AWAY LIGHTNING IS OCCURRING

43. FLASH TO BANG • COUNT THE NUMBER OF SECONDS FROM THE TIME YOU SEE THE FLASH UNTIL THE BANG OF THUNDER OCCURS AND DIVIDE BY FIVE • WHEN THE COUNT IS AT 40 SECONDS THERE IS INHERENT DANGER AND CONDITIONS SHOULD BE CLOSELY MONITORED • WHEN THE COUNT IS 30 SECONDS EVERYONE SHOULD LEAVE THE FIELD IMMEDIATELY AND SEEK SAFE SHELTER

44. SAFE SHELTER • INDOOR FACILITY • CAR • DO NOT!!!!!! • SIT UNDER A TREE OR TELEPHONE POLE • AREA WITH STANDING WATER • METAL OBJECTS • UMBRELLAS • BLEACHERS ARE NOT SAFE!

45. WARNING SIGNS, WHAT TO DO!RETURN TO ACTIVITY • HAIR STANDS ON END • SKIN TINGLES • DROP TO THE GROUND AND ASSUME A CROUCHING POSITION • DO NOT LIE FLAT! • RETURN TO ACTIVITY 30 MINUTES AFTER THE LAST LIGHTNING FLASH OR SOUND

46. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS • AIR POLLUTION • JET LAG • ARTIFICIAL TURF: • SKIN ABRASIONS ARE A GREAT CONCERN FOR INFECTION • TURF TOE • LIGAMENT INJURIES