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Cell Reproduction

Cell Reproduction. DNA. Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid Function is to store genetic information ~3 billion nucleotides in human cells Bases are abbreviated A, T, C, G These are coiled and packed tightly into a double helix. Chromosomes.

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Cell Reproduction

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  1. Cell Reproduction

  2. DNA • Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid • Function is to store genetic information • ~3 billion nucleotides in human cells • Bases are abbreviated A, T, C, G • These are coiled and packed tightly into a double helix

  3. Chromosomes • Rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins • DNA is tightlywound • Humans have 46 chromosomes, other animals have different numbers

  4. Chromatid • Half of a chromosome • Looks like a pipe cleaner

  5. Centromere • Binds two chromatids together • Like a rubber band

  6. Review • A chromosome… • …is made up of two chromatids… • …held together by a centromere

  7. Chromatin • Loose coils of DNA • Occurs in cells during normal cell function • This allows information to be read

  8. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes • Chromosomes are simpler in prokaryotes than eukaryotes • Prokaryotes have circular DNA • Eukaryotes have double-helix shaped DNA

  9. Chromosome Numbers • The number of chromosomes an organism has does not indicate how complex it is

  10. Sex Chromosomes • Main function is to determine gender of an organism • In humans • XX is female • XY is male • Only 2 of the 46 human chromosomes are sex chromosomes

  11. Sex Chromosomes • A person with… XY XX

  12. Autosomes • All other chromosomes besides sex chromosomes • 44 of the 46 human chromosomes are autosomes

  13. Homologous Pairs • Chromosomes with the same… • Size • Shape • Genes • Organisms receive one copy from each parent • Chromosomes have similar genes, even though they may have different instructions • Eye color, hair color, etc.

  14. Karyotype • Picture of chromosomes in a normal human cell • 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (46 total chromosomes)

  15. Diploid Cells (2n) • “Di-” - two • All cells except sex cells are diploid • 2 autosomes per homologous pair • 2n number in humans is 46 • 44 autosomes • 2 sex chromosomes

  16. Haploid Cells (1n) • “Hap-” – single • (sounds like “half”) • Only sex cells are haploid • 1 autosome per homologous pair • 1n number in humans is 23 • 22 autosomes • 1 sex chromosome

  17. Diploid or Haploid Cell? • Diploid • Haploid Did the haploid cell come from a male or a female?

  18. Complete the table and list the diploid and haploid number of chromosomes

  19. What organelle do is directly related to cell division? • Do males or females determine the sex of a baby? • True or False- Every human cell contains 46 chromosomes. • Because orangutans have 48 chromosomes, does that mean they are more highly evolved than humans? Why? • True or False- Haploid cells only have one chromosome • Why must sex cells be haploid?

  20. Complete the table and list the diploid and haploid number of chromosomes

  21. Lab Vocab • Deletion • Portion of the chromosome is lost • Duplication • The deletion becomes incorporated into its homologue so that the segment appears twice on the same chromosome • Translocation • The deleted portion is transferred to a chromosome other than its homologue

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