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SPECIAL STAINS

SPECIAL STAINS. Dr huzlinda hussin Dept of pathology 13 march 2018. H&E stain is routine stain. It is the preliminary or the first stain applied to the tissue sections Gives diagnostic information in most cases.

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SPECIAL STAINS

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  1. SPECIAL STAINS Drhuzlindahussin Dept of pathology 13 march 2018

  2. H&Estainisroutinestain. • It isthepreliminary orthefirststainappliedtothetissue • sections • Givesdiagnosticinformationinmostcases. • Aspecialstainisastainingtechniquetohighlight various individual tissue component once we have preliminaryinformationfromtheH&Estain

  3. CLASSIFICATION: Stains forcarbohydrates Stains foramyloid Nucleic acidstains Lipidstains Stains formicroorganisms Connective tissuestains Stains for pigments andminerals

  4. CARBOHYDRATES SIMPLECARBOHYDRATES (moleculescomposedpurelyof carbohydrates) GLYCOCONJUGATES (molecules composed of carbohydrates and other molecules suchas protein andlipid) • Monosaccharides (glucose,mannose,galactose) • Oligosaccharides (sucrose,maltose) • Polysaccharides • (glycogen,starch) • Proteoglycans • Mucins • Othersglycoproteins

  5. 1. STAINS FOR CARBOHYDRATE • Periodicacidschiff(PAS)technique • Alcianbluemethod • Combined alcianblue-PAS techhnique • Mucicarminetechnique • Colloidal irontechnique • Metachromaticstaining • Iodine staining forglycogen • Enzymatic digestiontechnique Diastase digestion, Sialidase digestion, Hyaluronidasedigestion

  6. Candida in lung, PAS stain. Glycogen in Ewing's sarcoma, PAS stain This is nodular glomerulosclerosis involving a glomerulus in the kidney, as seen with the PAS stain.

  7. Note PAS +ve cytoplasmic granules partly resistant to diastase

  8. Alcian blue/ PAS stain Acid mucins - blue. Neutral mucins - magenta. Mixtures - purple. Nuclei - grey/blue. The goblet cells of the gastrointestinal tract are filled with abundant acid mucin and stain pale blue with this Alcian blue stain.

  9. CRYPTOCOCCUS STAINED BY MUCICARMINE The cytoplasm of the cells lining this neoplastic gland in a colonic adenocarcinoma are pink with the mucicarmine stain, indicative of mucin production typical for an adenocarcinoma at this site

  10. 2. STAIN FOR AMYLOIDI. Congo red -Also called amyloid stain -Must examine stained tissue with standard and polarized light -Amyloid under polarized light has apple green birefringence, based on the molecule being in an antiparallel beta-pleated sheet. - amyloid-red; nuclei- blue

  11. AMYLOID • Extracellular,amorphous,eosinophilic material • Composedofproteininanantiparallel- pleated sheetconfiguration • InH&Estain,canbeconfusedwithhyaline and fibrinoidsubstances • Earliestspecialstainusedforamyloidwas Iodine byVirchow

  12. Amyloid displays apple-green birefringence under polarized light. AMYLOID BY CONGORED STAIN UNDER LIGHT MICROSCOPE

  13. 3. Stains for lipid • Oil Red O • Sudan black B

  14. LIPIDS SIMPLELIPIDS COMPOUND LIPIDS DERIVEDLIPIDS • FATS • OILS • WAXES • Derived from simple or compoundlipids byhydrolysis • cholesterol • Bileacids - c/o fatty acids, alcohol and one moregroupsuchas phosphorus or nitrogen

  15. Simplelipidisbestdemonstratedwithfreshfrozen sections • Bestfixative–Formalcalcium(2%calciumacetate+ 10%formalin)

  16. I. Oil Red O • Stain identifies neutral lipids and fatty acids • Fresh smears / cryostat sections of tissue are necessary because alcohols used in tissue processing remove lipids • Rapid and simple routine stain • Uses: • Differentiate fibroma from thecoma (not that important a distinction) • Diagnose renal cell carcinoma, sebaceous gland tumors of skin, lipid-rich carcinomas • Identify fat emboli in lung tissue or clot sections of peripheral blood

  17. Oil red O stain of fat emboli in lung.

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