BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present, Shaping the Future

1. Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of ScienceU.S. Department of Energy BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present, Shaping the Future Office of Science Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen EconomyNew Research Activities in DOE’s Office of Basic Energy Sciences Presentation to: U.S. Senator Byron L. Dorgan Dr. Patricia M. Dehmer Director, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy 18 November 2004 http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/

2. The $3.5 billion Office of Science (SC) is the primary source of U.S. support for the physical sciences. • Provides over 40% of federal support to the physical sciences (e.g. 90% of high energy and nuclear physics, >1/2 of catalysis, 1/4 of nanoscience) • Provides sole support to select sub-fields (e.g. heavy element chemistry) • Directly supports the research of 15,000 PhDs, postdocs, and graduate students, providing more than $625M to universities in FY 2004 • SC constructs and operates large scientific facilities for the broad U.S. scientific community. • Light sources & neutron sources, nanotechnology research centers, particle accelerators and colliders, and other specialized facilities are used by more than 19,000 researchers every year based on peer reviewed proposals. About half of the users come from the university community. • SC has a national responsibility for basic research related to energy resources, production, conversion, storage, efficiency, and waste mitigation.

3. Energy Flow Diagram for the U.S., 1999

4. The Terawatt Challenge TODAY 2050 14 Terawatts (world) 30 – 60 Terawatts (world)

5. Revisiting Basic Research Needs for Energy • Fossil fuels provide about 85% of the world’s energy. Although reserves are adequate for the next 50 to 100 years, there are two reasons to seek alternative energy sources now: • The largest reserves of one of the most important fossil fuels, petroleum, reside outside the U.S. in politically unstable regions of the world. • The production and release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere pose the risk of global warming. • All of the alternatives to fossil fuels, even when summed together, today make at best marginal contributions to energy production. • The report highlighted 37 proposed research directions, most of which already were represented in the BES portfolio of activities Workshop: October 21-25, 2002 Report: March 2003 Dr. John Stringer, EPRI, Chair Dr. Linda Horton, ORNL, Co-Chair

6. Basic Research for a Secure Energy Future Supply, End Use, and Carbon Management Global Climate Change Science Policy Fossil Carbon Energy Sources Non-Carbon Energy Sources Carbon Recycle Energy Consumption CO2 Sequestration Coal Nuclear Fission Natural Transportation Geologic Petroleum Synthetic Buildings Terrestrial Nuclear Fusion Industrial Ocean Natural Gas Hydrogen* Geothermal Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,… Hydroelectric Solar Wind *an energy “carrier” Conservation and Efficiency

7. Hydrogen: A National Initiative “Tonight I'm proposing $1.2 billion in research funding so that America can lead the world in developing clean, hydrogen-powered automobiles… With a new national commitment, our scientists and engineers will overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to showroom, so that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen, and pollution-free.” President BushState-of the-Union AddressJanuary 28, 2003

8. 4.4 MJ/L (Gas, 10,000 psi) 8.4 MJ/L (LH2) 9M tons/yr $200-3000/kW 150M tons/yr (Light Cars and Trucks in 2040) 9.7MJ/L (2015 FreedomCAR Target) $30/kW (Internal Combustion Engine) The Hydrogen Economy – The Technology Gaps solar wind hydro automotive fuel cells H2O consumer electronics nuclear/solar thermochemical cycles gas or hydride storage H2 H2 stationary electricity/heat generation fossil fuel reforming Bio- and bioinspired production use (in fuel cells) storage Gap Gap Gap

9. Workshop Chair: Millie Dresselhaus (MIT) Associate Chairs: George Crabtree (ANL) Michelle Buchanan (ORNL) BES Assessment of the Needs of Basic ResearchBasic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Use (May 13-15, 2003) Breakout Sessions: Hydrogen Production Tom Mallouk, PSU & Laurie Mets, U. Chicago Hydrogen Storage and Distribution Kathy Taylor, GM (retired) & Puru Jena, VCU Fuel Cells and Novel Fuel Cell Materials Frank DiSalvo, Cornell & Tom Zawodzinski, CWRU Pre-Workshop Briefings by EERE: Hydrogen Storage JoAnn Milliken Fuel Cells Nancy Garland Hydrogen Production Mark Paster Charge: To identify fundamental research needs and opportunities in hydrogen production, storage, and use, with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential to have significant impact in science and technologies. Highlighted areas will include improved and new materials and processes for hydrogen generation and storage and for future generations of fuel cells for effective energy conversion. Workshop Plenary Session Speakers: Steve Chalk (DOE-EERE) -- overview George Thomas (SNL-CA) -- storage Scott Jorgensen (GM) -- storage Jae Edmonds (PNNL) -- environmental Jay Keller (SNL-CA) – hydrogen safety

10. Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage and Use Workshop “Bridging the gaps that separate the hydrogen- and fossil-fuel based economies in cost, performance, and reliability goes far beyond incremental advances in the present state of the art. Rather, fundamental breakthroughs are needed in the understanding and control of chemical and physical processes involved in the production, storage, and use of hydrogen. Of particular importance is the need to understand the atomic and molecular processes that occur at the interface of hydrogen with materials in order to develop new materials suitable for use in a hydrogen economy. New materials are needed for membranes, catalysts, and fuel cell assemblies that perform at much higher levels, at much lower cost, and with much longer lifetimes. Such breakthroughs will require revolutionary, not evolutionary, advances. Discovery of new materials, new chemical processes, and new synthesis techniques that leapfrog technical barriers is required. This kind of progress can be achieved only with highly innovative, basic research.”

11. Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen Production Bio- and Bio-inspired H2 Production Biological enzyme catalysis; nanoassemblies; bio-inspired materials and processes Nuclear and Solar Thermal Hydrogen Thermodynamic data and modeling; novel materials; membranes and catalysts Fossil Fuel Reforming Catalysis; membranes; theory and modeling; nanoscience Solar Photoelectrochemistry/Photocatalysis Understanding physical mechanisms; novel materials; theory and modeling; stability of materials Synthetic catalysts for water oxidation and hydrogen activation Ni surface-alloyed with Au to reduce carbon poisoning High T operation places severe demands on reactor design and on materials Dye-Sensitized solar cells Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report

12. Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen Storage Novel and Nanoscale Materials Li, Nature 1999 Neutron imaging of hydrogen Cup-stacked carbon Nanofiber Nanoporous inorganic-organic compounds Complex metal hydrides can be recharged on board the vehicles Theory and Modeling To Understand Mechanisms, Predict Property Trends, Guide Discovery of New Materials H Adsorption in nanotube array Chemical hydrides will need off-board regeneration Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report

13. Controlled design of triple percolation nanoscale networks: ions, electrons, and porosity for gases H2 Intake Membranes O2 Intake Cathode Anode Catalysts Internal view of a PEM fuel cell Source: T. Zawadzinski (CWRU) Water Electrons YSZ Electrolyte for SOFCs Mass of Pt Used in the PEMFCs  a Critical Cost Issue 2-5 nm 20-50 - mm Tailored Porosity Source: H. Gasteiger (General Motors) Source: R. Gorte (U. Penn) Priority Research Areas in Fuel Cells Electrocatalysts and Membranes Non-noble metal catalysts; designed triple-percolation electrodes Low temperature fuel cells ‘Higher’ temperature membranes; degradation mechanisms; tailored nanostructures Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Theory, modeling, and simulation; new materials; novel synthesis; in-situ diagnostics Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report

14. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy $173 M (76%) Fossil Energy (Coal) $16 M (7%) Nuclear Energy $9 M (4%) Office of Science Basic Energy Sciences $29 M (13%) DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2005 Budget Request New addition to the HFI in FY 2005 TOTAL: $ 227 M

15. BES Solicitation for Basic Research for Hydrogen Fuel Initiative http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/hydrogen.html

16. BES Solicitation for Basic Research for Hydrogen Fuel Initiative • Approximately $21.5 million in new funding will be awarded in FY 2005, pending appropriations. • Two solicitations (one for universities and one for FFRDCs) were issued in April 2004. FFRDCs were limited to six submissions as leading institution. There was no limit on the number of submissions for universities. • 668 qualified preproposals were received by July 15, 2004 in the following five categories. • Novel Materials for Hydrogen Storage • Membranes for Separation, Purification, and Ion Transport • Design of Catalysts at the Nanoscale • Solar Hydrogen Production • Bio-Inspired Materials and Processes Bio- Inspired (54) Solar (88) Storage (199) Catalysis (152) Membranes (175) Preproposals Submitted

17. Preproposal Review and Selection • Each preproposal was reviewed by at least one of five panels corresponding to the five submission categories. • Each panel consisted of DOE federal officials knowledgeable in the research areas and with responsibilities for managing projects within the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative.  • The review panels judged the suitability of the preproposals in accordance with DOE's scientific, technical, and strategic goals related to the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative. • 261 preproposals were selected. • Principal investigators were notified by September 1, 2004 to submit full proposals by January 4, 2005. Preproposals Selected

18. Bio Bio - - Bio Bio - - Inspired Inspired Inspired Inspired Storage (19%) Storage (19%) (6%) (6%) Storage (33%) Storage (33%) (9%) (9%) Solar Hydrogen Solar Hydrogen Solar Hydrogen Solar Hydrogen (22%) (22%) (19%) (19%) Membranes Membranes Catalysis (15%) Catalysis (15%) Membranes Membranes (24%) (24%) Catalysis (29%) Catalysis (29%) (24%) (24%) Preproposal Selection Results Summary DOE FFRDCs Universities • 215 University preapplications were selected (101 Universities in 36 States and Puerto Rico). • 46 FFRDC preproposals were selected (13 DOE National Labs in 10 States). Profile of Selected Preproposals Universities DOE Lab DOE Labs Average Number of PIs per Preproposal 2.9 2.9 6.5 6.5 Average Funding Requested per Preproposal $834,500 $834,500 $294,700

19. Full Proposal Procedures Timeline January 4, 2005 Full proposals due February – April, 2005 Proposal Peer Review April – May, 2005 DOE assessment of review and selection of awards June – July 2005 Awards made, pending appropriations • Full proposals will be subjected to formal merit review against the following criteria: • Scientific and/or technical merit of the project • Appropriateness of the proposed method or approach • Competency of the personnel and adequacy of the proposal resources • Reasonableness and appropriateness of the proposed budget • Basic research that is relevant to the Administration's HFI • It is anticipated that up to $12 million annually will be available for multiple awards in each of the two main research sectors – universities and FFRDCs. • Initial awards will be in Fiscal Year 2005, pending appropriations. • BES is coordinating with all appropriate groups, particularly EERE.

20. Summary: Research for Short-term Showstoppers and Long-term Grand Challenges splitting water fuel cell operation solid state storage Energy Payoff Short-term: Incremental advances via basic research and technology development Longer-term: Breakthrough technologies via new materials and catalysts, bio-mimetics, nanoscale architectures, and more. combustion in heat engines gas/liquid storage fossil fuel reforming Evolution of a Hydrogen Economy

21. Realizing a hydrogen economy will not be easy, … Peter Edwards Scientific Coordinator, UK Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Consortium UK-US Energy Dialogue, October 2004, London From J. W. Gosselink, Shell Global Solutions, Amsterdam

22. … but electricity was not discovered via incremental improvements to the candle X