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Understanding Effective Vaccines: Safety, Protection, and Long-Term Effects

This text explores the characteristics of effective vaccines, including low levels of side effects, protection against natural forms of pathogens, stimulation of both B-cell and T-cell responses, long-lasting effects, and affordability. It also discusses different routes of administration and types of vaccines, such as killed whole cells, live attenuated cells, toxoid vaccines, genetically engineered microbes, and DNA vaccines. Additionally, it highlights the concept of herd immunity and its role in reducing the incidence of diseases. Lastly, it recommends visiting the NOVA website for more information on the process of making vaccines and provides conclusion questions to answer.

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Understanding Effective Vaccines: Safety, Protection, and Long-Term Effects

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  1. Making Vaccines1.4.2

  2. What makes an effective vaccine?

  3. Effective Vaccines • Have low levels of side effects or toxicity. • Protect against exposure to natural, or wild forms of the pathogen.

  4. Effective Vaccines • Should stimulate both an antibody (B-cell) response and a cell mediated (T-cell) response. • Have long term, lasting effects that produce immunological memory.

  5. Effective Vaccines • Should not require numerous doses or boosters • Are inexpensive, have a long shelf life and are easy to administer.

  6. Routes of Administration • The majority of vaccines are administered by injection • Subcutaneous • Intramuscular • Intradermal • Oral vaccines are available for only a few diseases

  7. Types of Vaccines • Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses • Even though they are harmless, they still contain recognizable antigens on their surface • Because the microbe does not multiply, larger doses and more boosters are required.

  8. Types of Vaccines • Live, attenuated (weakened) cells or viruses • Vaccines are longer-lasting and require fewer boosters • However, the disease agent could mutate back to pathogenic strain

  9. Types of Vaccines • Toxoid vaccines • A purified toxin produced by the antigen is used to elicit immune response.

  10. Types of Vaccines • Genetically engineered microbes or microbial antigens • Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate hosts. • The resultant protein product is used to provoke immune system.

  11. Types of Vaccines • DNA vaccines • These vaccines contain all or part of the pathogen DNA, which is used to “infect” a recipient’s cells.

  12. Herd Immunity • More individuals that are immune decreases the incidence of the disease and the occurrence of the pathogen. • With greater numbers immunized, it is less likely that an unimmunized person will encounter the pathogen. • Mass vaccination confers indirect protection for those who do not receive the vaccine resulting in “herd immunity”.

  13. Today • 1.4.2 #2 • Visit the NOVA website about making vaccines. • Take notes on the steps. • Answer conclusion questions 1 and 2

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