Scientific communication in the electronic age – Definitions

1. Scientific communication in the electronic age – Definitions Peter Ingwersen Royal School of LIS (IVA), Denmark OsloUniversity College, Norway pi@iva.dk – http://www.iva.dk/pi

2. Agenda Scientific Communication: What ”is” Scientific Information? – Classic & present models Informetric analyses – typological model & definitions Bibliometrics Scientometrics Webometrics Document representations for data mining 2 Ingwersen 2011

3. Scientific Communication - 1 Informal communication: verbal - WWW: personal pages - e-mail - pre-prints ... Blogs (disciplin-dependent); Facebook; Twitter Formal communication: Journal articles - Conf.papers ... Patents … Newsgroups … USE of INFORMATION: giving references Indicator of USE: receiving citations / Downloads WWW: giving/receiving LINKs ?? (Studies show no real correlation between inlinks & citation impact – but between inlinks and publ. Volume on net) 3 Ingwersen 2011

4. Scientific communication 1 – Classic Model (prior to Web / open access) Peers TechnicalResearch report • Un-published • non-peer review • informal com. Archive Library index Conf. Papers (Peer reviewed) Journal Articles (Peer reviewed) Research idea & activities Domain databases Citation database Time 4 Ingwersen 2011

5. Scientific communication 2 – Present Model (incl. Web / open access) Peers • TechnicalResearch reports • Working • papers • Un-published • public • Non Peer review Inst. Repositories, arXiv.com - Open access journals Full text Domain database Journal Articles (Peer reviewed) Conf. Papers (Peer reviewed) Research idea & activities - Web of Science - Scopus Google (Scholar) Academic Web Search Engines Time 5 Ingwersen 2011

6. Scientific communication 3 – What ’is’ scientific information? Confidence in information source? Authoritative source Student output Open Access - Journals (peer reviewed) - Inst. Repositories (Duplicates/versions) Restricted Access - Journal articles (peer reviewed) Working papers Research reports Blogs …Facebook Conference Papers Posters, Abstracts (peer reviewed) Collaboratory round tables Restricted Access - Research Monographs (peer reviewed) Teaching material Searchable on Open Web Partly searchable on Open Web Qualified knowledge source (Domain dependent ) 6 Ingwersen 2011

7. Peer review - definition • VTU’s tentative recommendations: • ” … implies a written assessment, which considers a manuscript’s academic quality”. • Peer revieweing always done prior to publishing: It forms part of the publishing process; a book review is consequently NOT defined as peer review. 2011

8. Peer review - 2 • A submission (book, article, paper, poster) must as a minimum be assessed by at least one external reviewer, i relation to the publisher. • The external reviewer should be domain expert. There is no requirement . • Reviewers must be of high academic standard: as minimum research competence on ph.d.-level.” 2011

9. Formal Communication ISI (or any) citation network ? Non-ISI source document Birger Larsen, 2003 9 Ingwersen 2011

10. In a citation index you have … • Indexed documents with references, pointing to other indexed documents, back in time: its centre • Indexed documents pointing to non-indexed documents, like monographs or conference papers: its periphery • Non-indexed documents cannot be counted, but may be found one by one – as citations or as cited work! • They only receive citations from the index – not from other sources outside the index! 2011

11. infor-/biblio-/sciento-/cyber-/webo-/metrics informetrics bibliometrics scientometrics cybermetrics webometrics 2011 • L. Björneborn & P. Ingwersen 2003

12. Definitions:Informetrics • The study of quantitative aspects of information in any form, not just records or bibliographies, and in any social group, not just scientists • It incorporates, utilizes, and extends the many studies of the measurement of information that lie outside the boundaries of both bibliometrics and scientometrics (Tague-Sutcliffe, 1992) 2011

13. Definitions - Bibliometrics • The study of quantitative aspects of the production, dissemination, and use of recorded information • It develops mathematical models and measures for these processes and then use the models and measures for prediction and decision making (Tague-Sutcliffe, 1992) 2011

14. Definitions - Scientometrics • The study of quantitative aspects of science as a discipline or economic activity • Part of sociology of science and has application to science policy-making • It involves quantitative studies of scientific activities, among others, publication, and so overlaps bibliometrics to some extent (Tague-Sutcliffe, 1992) 2011

15. Definitions – the classic … metrics • Bibliometrics/Scientometrics/Informetricsare unique types of empirical research methods developed by Library and Information Science; • Bibliometrics utilizes quantitative analysis, statistics, and data visualization to investigate patterns of: • References, citations, authors, journals, institutions, words, keywords, classification codes etc. 2011

16. Webometrics • Lennart Björneborn 2001 • The study of quantitative aspects of the construction and use of informationresources, structures and technologies on the Web, drawing on bibliometric and informetric methods • web page contents • link structures, e.g., WIFs, cohesiveness of link topologies, etc. • users’ information behaviour (searching, browsing, etc.) • search engine performance 2011

17. Cybermetrics: • The quantitative studies of the whole Internet • i.e. chat, mailing lists, news groups, etc. - and WWW 2011

18. Examples of usage of … metrics • Indexing • Collection development • Construction and maintenance of knowledge organising systems • Design of IR systems (e.g., search engines) • Domain studies (revealing knowledge structures and knowledge mapping) • Sociology of science • Research evaluation 2011

19. Lotka's law of authorship Science Citation Index — Garfield & Sher: Journal impact factor Bradsford's law of scattering Nalimov: Naukometria = scientometrics Pritchard:Bibliometrics Social Science Citation Index- Small +  Marshakova: Co-citation Arts & Humanities Citation Index + Scientometrics + Gilbert: Persuasiveness Pao citation searches + Brooks: Citer motivations 1926 1934 1963 1966 1969 1973 1978 1985 1927 1949 1961 1965 1968 1972 1975 1979 1983 1997 Almind & Ingwersen: Webometrics Callon & Courtial: Co-word analysis Nacke: term 'informetrics" Moravcsik & Murugesan: Categories of citations Coles:Ortega hypothesis Merton: Matthew effect Price: "Networks of scientific papers" Kessler:Bibliographic coupling Zipf’s law of term distribution Gross & Gross: Citation analysis Timeline 2011 [http://users.pandora.be/ronald.rousseau/html/timeline_of_bibliometrics.html]

20. Document Representations in Play • ‘All data’ that may point to or from documents that are relevant for analysis – and have consistency: • Full text contents (words, keyword extractions, anchor text, structure, metadata, media-dependent keys …) • Activities / actions: • Downloads – loans – exchanges • Clicks – look ups – ‘been there’ … • Mention (recognition) 2011

21. Document Representations in Play 2 • References (authors, title terms, journals, PY …) • Citations (full text contents, metadata: institutions, CY, added keywords, class. codes, refs., countries …) • Web network: inlinks, outlinks, anchor texts, tags, etc. • Web genres: blogs, bookmarks, wikies, facebook, etc. • Impact analyses: • Web Impact Factor (links) (academic citations) (downloads) • Citation Impact Factor; Journal Impact Factor; Hirsch Index 2011