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Flashcard warm-up

Flashcard warm-up. DNA A type of Nucleic Acid which consists of two strands of nucleotides. DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms My picture My sentence RNA

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Flashcard warm-up

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  1. Flashcard warm-up DNA A type of Nucleic Acid which consists of two strands of nucleotides. DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms My picture My sentence RNA A type of Nucleic Acid which consists of one strand of nucleotides. RNA plays an active role protein synthesis My picture My sentence

  2. Unit 8 Molecular Basis of Heredity

  3. Importance of DNA • DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. • DNA is the blueprint for life. DNA is a code for making proteins which determine traits. • For example, DNA contains the instructions for making the proteins (called pigments) which give your eyes color

  4. Importance of DNA • DNA is packaged into chromosomes and found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and free floating in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

  5. Discovery of dna • Franklin: Took the first “picture” of DNA using X-ray crystallography. The “picture” offered a clue of the shape of DNA. • Watson and Crick received credit for finalizing the model of DNA by using the picture taken by Franklin

  6. Structure of DNa • Shape: Double helix;A double helix is a twisted ladder. • Made of Nucleotides • Each nucleotide consists of three parts: • Sugar: Deoxyribose • Phosphate • Nitrogen Base

  7. Structure of dna • Complementary base pair: • Adenine (A) - Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C) • Hydrogen bond: Holds the nitrogen bases together Hydrogen Bond

  8. Dna replication • Importance: Cell Division; copy of DNA must be passed on to new cell; takes place during INTERPHASE • Process: • Step 1: Enzymes breaks the hydrogen bond and DNA unzips • Step 2: The unpaired nucleotides are paired (A-T and G-C) with extra nucleotides present in the nucleus.

  9. Dna replication • Step 3: Enzymes link the nucleotides along the newly constructed side of the DNA ladder by bonding sugar to phosphate. • Step 4: The DNA is proofread by enzymes for any errors.

  10. Dna replication • Result:Two identical DNA molecules have been produced. Each composed of one “old” strand and one “new” strand.

  11. Label the DNA Molecule

  12. Ticket out the door • What type of organic molecule is DNA? • List the three parts of a nucleotide. • What is the complement (matching nitrogen base) for the following sequence of DNA. A - ____ G - ____ T – ____ C - ____ A B C • Place the lettered pictures for DNA replication in the correct order

  13. Ticket out the door • What is the importance of DNA replication? • What is the end result of DNA replication? (Be specific) • Why are enzymes important in DNA replication? • Put the following pictures in the correct order. A B C

  14. Flashcard warm-up Gene A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. The information must be sent from the DNA to the protein, so each gene is transcribed onto mRNA. Chromosome An organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes

  15. Flashcard Warm-up DNA Replication Before a cell can divide, the DNA must be replicated or copied. The double helix is “unzipped” and the nucleotides are base paired. The two new strands are each ½ old and ½ new.

  16. Protein synthesis • Importance: Inherited trait is controlled by one or more proteins. • Each cell must produce different proteins, based on the function of that cell. • For example, only blood cells need to produce the protein hemoglobin. How does the cell use DNA to make a protein? Hemoglobin

  17. Protein synthesis • RNA: Sugar (ribose), Phosphate, Nitrogen base • Three types: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA • Nitrogen base pairs: Uracil replaces Thymine; A pairs U and G pairs C • Codon: Every three bases in a sequence on mRNA • Anticodon: Every three bases located on tRNA

  18. Protein synthesis • Transcription: • Takes place in the nucleus of the cell. • Purpose: Rewrite the DNA code • Step 1: DNA unzips, mRNA enters nucleus • DNA cannot leave the nucleus (too big) • Step 2: mRNA bonds with the section of the unzipped DNA (a-u, g-c) • Step 3: mRNA copies the message. One gene makes one protein. • Step 4: mRNA leaves nucleus, DNA rezips

  19. Protein synthesis • Translation • Takes place in the ribosome of the cell • Purpose: To build protein • Step 1: mRNA enters ribosome • Step 2: tRNA carry amino acids to the ribosome • Step 3: tRNA (anticodons) bond with mRNA (codons) • Step 4: as each new tRNA arrives it transfers its amino acid to the previous to create an amino acid chain • Step 5: When the “stop” codon is reached mRNA and the string of amino acids are released.

  20. From nucleus to cytoplasm transcription protein DNA mRNA translation trait nucleus cytoplasm

  21. From gene to protein protein transcription translation

  22. Practice – pg. 8g • DNA- CGC ACC CAG ATT • mRNA- • Amino acids- • tRNA-

  23. Practice – pg. 8g • DNA- AAA CCC GGG ATT • mRNA- • Amino acids- • tRNA-

  24. Ticket out the door • What role does DNA play in protein synthesis? • What is the importance of mRNA? • What nitrogen base is used in place of thymine for RNA? • Complete the following mRNA sequence. DNA: TTT GAC CCA mRNA: ???????????????

  25. Flashcard warm-up Protein Synthesis The process of building a protein requires two steps. Transcription is the step that creates mRNA by base pairing the code from DNA. Translation is the step that base-pairs tRNAanticodons with mRNA codons and links amino acids in a specific order to build a protein. My picture: My definition:

  26. Gene regulation • Gene regulation is the process which determines which genes will be expressed (used to make a protein). • All cells have the same DNA, but the different cells express different genes of the genes.

  27. Mutations • Occurs: Due to mistake in Replication or Protein Synthesis • Two Types: • Point: a single base is replaced with a different base. (For example, T is replaced with G.) • Ex. GAT TAC A  GAG TAC A • Sickle cell anemia disease caused by a change in one amino acid

  28. Mutations • Frameshift: occur when a single base is added or deleted within the sequence. • Ex. GAT/TAC/ATT GAT/TAA/CAT/T • Huntington’s Disease, may be caused by the insertion of several bases. • Result: Protein not made or is defective

  29. Ticket out the Door • Transcription occurs in _______. Translation occurs in ______. • After the mRNA has copied the gene sequence from the DNA what is the next step in protein synthesis? • What type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome. • What type of mutation occurred in the following sequence… AAT CGC TAG AAT CCC TAG

  30. Flashcard Warm-up • Mutations • Two types are _________ and ________ mutations. • EXPLAIN each mutation and its affect on the resulting protein

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