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Metabolism Vocabulary

Metabolism Vocabulary. 5 BIG CONCEPTS. The Basis of metabolism Forms of Energy Laws of Energy Transformation Structure , Function, and Hydrolysis of ATP Enzymatic Effects on Reactions. The BASIS. Metabolism Metabolic pathway Anabolic pathway (biosynthetic pathways)

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Metabolism Vocabulary

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  1. MetabolismVocabulary

  2. 5 BIG CONCEPTS • The Basis of metabolism • Forms of Energy • Laws of Energy Transformation • Structure , Function, and Hydrolysis of ATP • Enzymatic Effects on Reactions

  3. The BASIS • Metabolism • Metabolic pathway • Anabolic pathway (biosynthetic pathways) • Catabolic pathways (breakdown pathways) • Bioenergetics • Energy • Kinetic Energy • Heat Energy • Potential Energy • Chemical Energy

  4. Forms of Energy • Energy • Kinetic energy • Heat, or thermal, energy • Potential energy • Chemical energy

  5. Law of Energy Transformation • Thermodynamics • First law of thermodynamics • Entropy- a measure of disorder, or randomness • Second law of thermodynamics • Spontaneous

  6. Free Energy • Free energy • Equilibrium- • Exergonic reaction • Endergonic reaction

  7. ATP • Chemical work- • Transport work- • Mechanical work • Energy coupling- • ATP • ATP Cycle • Phosphorylated

  8. Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers • Enzyme • Catalyst • Activation energy • Transition state • Substrate • Enzyme- substrate complex • Active site • Induced fit • Cofactors • Coenzyme • Competitive inhibitors • Noncompetitive inhibitors • Allosteric regulation • Cooperativity • Feedback inhibition

  9. Metabolism • the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions • We want increase our metabolism to lose more weight

  10. Metabolic Pathways a series of chemical reactions that eitherbuildsa complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway)

  11. Anabolic Pathway (biosynthetic pathways) - metabolic pathway that consumes energy to buildcomplicated molecules from simpler ones

  12. Bioenergetics the study of how energy flows through living organisms

  13. Catabolic Pathway (breakdown pathways)- metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

  14. Energy the capacity to cause change

  15. Kinetic Energy • energy that can be associated with the relative motion of objects • Diver gains kinetic energy when he gains velocity

  16. Heat Energy • kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

  17. Potential Energy • energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure • As height increases, potential energy increases. • When diving off a diving board, all of the initial energy is potential.

  18. Chemical Energy • potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.

  19. Thermodynamics • the study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

  20. First Law of Thermodynamics • (principle of conservation of energy)- energy is transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

  21. Second Law of Thermodynamics • every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

  22. Spontaneous • a process that can occur without an input of energy

  23. Free Energy • the portion of a system’s energy than can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell • ∆G=∆H-T∆S • ∆G=Gfinal state-Ginitialstate

  24. Equilibrium • a state of maximum stability

  25. Reactions Exergonic endergonic • a spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy • a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

  26. Energy Coupling • the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonicone

  27. Types of work Chemical transport • pushing of endergonicreactions which would not occur spontaneously • pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement

  28. ATP • (adenosine triphosphate)- an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed; used to driveendergonic reactions in cells

  29. ATP Cycle

  30. Phosphorylated • referring to a molecule that is covalently bound to a phosphate group

  31. Enzyme (the cry) • a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/GLO1_Homo_sapiens_small_fast.gif

  32. Catalyst (your crying) • a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

  33. Activation Energy (free energy of activation)- the energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break

  34. Transition State • when the reactants are in an unstable condition

  35. Substrate (hugged) • the reactant an enzyme acts on

  36. Enzyme-Substrate Complex (the hug) • – a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule (s).

  37. Active Site (hugger) • a restricted region of the enzyme molecule that binds to the substrate; I’m the hugger (active site) and you’re being hugged (substrate)

  38. Induced Fit (hug you real tight) • induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate

  39. Cofactors (arms) • any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.

  40. Coenzyme • an organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYgdGqk8buQ

  41. Competitive Inhibitor • a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.

  42. Noncompetitive Inhibitor • a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape so that the active site no longer functions effectively.

  43. Allosteric Regulation • the binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.

  44. Cooperativity • a kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecules.

  45. Feedback Inhibition • a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.

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