Political Geography Review

1. Political GeographyReview Kaplan Review Book

2. 7 things to learn from this chapter • 1) A nation is a group of people with common cultural characteristics, whereas a state is an area with defined boundaries that has sovereignty within its borders. A nation-state is a country whose political boundaries correspond with its cultural boundaries

3. Iraq is a state divided between 3 nations • Sunni Muslims • Shiite Muslims • Kurds • Disputes over political power of the state

4. Nation-state: when cultural boundaries correspond with state boundaries • Same ethnicity, speak same language, practice the same religion • Examples: Japan & Denmark

5. A ______ is a group of people with a common political identity, and a ______ is a country with recognized borders • Territory…federalism • Nation….territory • State…nation • Nation….state • Territory….state

6. A ______ is a group of people with a common political identity, and a ______ is a country with recognized borders • Territory…federalism • Nation….territory • State…nation • Nation….state • Territory….state

7. For many years, French Canadians from Quebec sought ____, or the right to govern themselves and to establish their own independent state • Nationalism • Self-determination • Anticolonialism • Reapportionment • colonization

8. For many years, French Canadians from Quebec sought ____, or the right to govern themselves and to establish their own independent state • Nationalism • Self-determination: Sovereignty • Anticolonialism • Reapportionment • colonization

9. 7 things to learn from this chapter • 2) The Heartland Theory established by MacKinder suggests that whoever owns the Heartland of Eastern Europe will control the world. The Rimland Theory by Nicholas Spykman suggest that sea power is more valuable and that alliances will keep the Heartland in check. The Domino Theory, a response to the spread of communism, suggested that when one country falls, others around it will experience the same political instability

11. Which international organization could best be incorporated into Spykman’sRimland Theory? • United Nations • European Union • NATO • NAFTA • Warsaw Pact

12. Which international organization could best be incorporated into Spykman’sRimland Theory? • United Nations • European Union • NATO: Military Alliance between Western European countries • NAFTA • Warsaw Pact

13. 7 things to learn from this chapter • 3) Colonialism has had a profound impact on the world today. The major colonial powers were Great Britain, Portugal, Spain and France. Meinig’s colonial empire themes describe how these empires were colonized. Great Britain and France used the settler empire, Portugal used the sea empire, and Spain used the land empire

14. Types of Empires • Meinig, geographer at Syracuse University • Created a list of 3 different empires Europeans used when colonizing an area • Land Empire: involves conquest by force • Sea Empire: use sea power to control an area • Settlement Empire: settlers establish colony over long period of time

15. Land Empire • Involves conquest by force • Armies attack & take resources by force • “Might makes right” • Ex: Spanish in Mexico

16. Sea Empire • Used sea power to control area • Settlements along coast • Excursions to interior for goods • Then shipped off to home country • Ex: Portuguese in Brazil

17. Settlement Empire • Settlers intend to stay a long time • Establish a settlement • Send resources/agric products to home country • Supplies provided by home country • Eventually become independent & pay back home country • Ex: British in US & French in SE Asia

18. 7 things to learn from this chapter • 4) Ethnicity is determined by race, skin color, language, religion and other factors. Race is different from ethnicity and is determined by perceived inheritable biological characteristics • Previous Chapter in our Textbook

19. The civil war in Rwanda is most closely an example of • A religious conflict • An ethnic conflict • A pluralism conflict • Ethnocentrism • An ethnic enclave

20. The civil war in Rwanda is most closely an example of • A religious conflict • An ethnic conflict: Hutu & Tutsi tribes • A pluralism conflict • Ethnocentrism • An ethnic enclave

21. 7 things to learn from this chapter • 5) There are five shapes to countries: compact, elongated, fragmented, perforated and prorupted. Each of these has advantages and disadvantages

23. Which of the following states is the best example of an enclave? • Lesotho • Gambia • Brazil • Belize • Papua New Guinea

24. Which of the following states is the best example of an enclave? • Lesotho: In South Africa • Gambia • Brazil • Belize • Papua New Guinea

25. Which of the following is best example of a perforated state? • France • Vatican City • Singapore • Ecuador • Italy

26. Which of the following is best example of a perforated state? • France • Vatican City • Singapore • Ecuador • Italy: has 2 states completely inside, San Marino & Vatican City

27. 7 things to learn from this chapter • 6)Supranational organizations, such as the European Union and the United Nations have a strong influence on the world’s political climate

28. The United Nations’ International Law of the Sea gave countries access to drill for mineral rights up to how many miles from shore • 3 miles • 10 miles • 12 miles • 100 miles • 200 miles

29. The United Nations’ International Law of the Sea gave countries access to drill for mineral rights up to how many miles from shore • 3 miles • 10 miles • 12 miles • 100 miles • 200 miles to explore/exploit resources • 3 mile limit applies to foreign ships

30. Supranationalism extends state borders through outside organizations for economic and/or political cooperation • European Union • NAFTA • NATO • OPEC

31. 7 things to learn from this chapter • 7) Boundary disputes arise for various reasons. Some arise from the demarcation of the boundary, while others arise from the allocation of resources along the border. Inappropriate boundary lines in Africa led to wars from the moment they were drawn, because European countries used geometric and physical features to establish boundaries in Africa instead of cultural features, such as language and religion

32. The redrawing of political districts for political gain is termed what? • Reapportionment • Core-periphery federalism • Gerrymandering • Immigrant statehood • Electoral regions

33. The redrawing of political districts for political gain is termed what? • Reapportionment • Core-periphery federalism • Gerrymandering • Immigrant statehood • Electoral regions

34. _____forces work to pull countries apart, while ______ forces work to bind them together • Centripetal….centrifugal • Centrifugal…centripetal • Communist…democratic • Capitalist…socialist • Socialist…centripetal

35. _____forces work to pull countries apart, while ______ forces work to bind them together • Centripetal….centrifugal • Centrifugal…centripetal • Communist…democratic • Capitalist…socialist • Socialist…centripetal

36. Which of the following was a centrifugal force in the India/Pakistan relationship in the late 1940s? • Commonality of Language • Commonality of Religion • Differences in Political border interpretation • Differences in religion • Commonality of climate

37. Which of the following was a centrifugal force in the India/Pakistan relationship in the late 1940s? • Commonality of Language • Commonality of Religion • Differences in Political border interpretation • Differences in religion: broke up the state • Commonality of climate

38. With its system of regional provinces, Canada is an example of a • Microstate • Electoral state • Reapportioned state • Federal state • Nation-state

39. With its system of regional provinces, Canada is an example of a • Microstate • Electoral state • Reapportioned state • Federal state • Nation-state

40. Ch.8 Free-Response Question

41. Free Response Question • The European Union and NAFTA are two common examples of international organizations. • A) Describe each of these two organizations and their purposes • B) What do each of these two organizations have in common? How are they different?