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Presidential Seal

Essential Question : How did progressives bring reform to urban & state governments? Warm-Up Question: How effective were progressive reformers in addressing: (a) Problems in cities? (b) Discrimination against African-Americans? (c) Inequalities against women? . Presidential Seal.

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Presidential Seal

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  1. Essential Question: • How did progressives bring reform to urban & state governments? • Warm-Up Question: • How effective were progressive reformers in addressing: (a) Problems in cities? (b) Discrimination against African-Americans? (c) Inequalities against women? Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  2. Government Reform • City, state, & national governments were in need of reform: • Corrupt political machines controlled city governments • Monopolists used their wealth to influence politicians, encourage monopolies, & fight labor laws • Political positions were gained based on patronage not merit • Corruption scandals plagued the national government Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  3. Urban Government Reform • In the 1880s, reformers began to demand change in city gov’ts: • Reformers tried to end patronage (appointment based on loyalty) by passing the Pendleton Act which required merit-based exams • Reformers tried to make gov’t more efficient & break the power of machines by shifting power to city commissions & managers Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  4. After a hurricane destroyed the city of Galveston, Texas…

  5. Rather than 1 mayor making all decisions, a committee oversaw different aspects of local government …politicians created the 1st city commission gov’t

  6. Other cities adopted this model, but added a trained city manager to carry out the day-to-day operation of government

  7. Progressive Reform in the States • Progressive reformers impacted state governments too: • States began regulating railroads & other big businesses to help workers & promote competition • States passed laws limiting workhours for children & women Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  8. Progressive Reform in the State • The most significant state reformer was governor Robert La Follette’s “Wisconsin Idea”: • Used academic “experts” from the University of Wisconsin to help create state laws • Wisconsin was the 1st state to create an income tax& regulate railroads Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  9. Progressives helped make state governments more democratic State of Texas Recall: Citizens can vote to remove an elected official Initiative: Citizens can put an issue on a state ballot & vote to make it a law Referendum: Citizens vote to increase taxes for new programs

  10. Progressive Reform in the States • Progressives helped make state governments more democratic: • 17thAmendment was ratified which allowed for the direct election of Senators by the people Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  11. The Senate

  12. National Progressive Reform: Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, & Woodrow Wilson Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  13. President Theodore Roosevelt • Theodore Roosevelt: A “Modern President” • VP Theodore Roosevelt became president after the assassination of William McKinley Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist in Buffalo in September of 1901 Woodrow Wilson

  14. President Theodore Roosevelt • TR was a different kind of president • He thought the gov’t ought to take responsibility for the welfare of the American people • His agenda of progressive reform was called the “Square Deal” Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  15. Theodore Roosevelt: A “Modern” President “It is the duty of the president to act upon the theory that he is the steward of the people, and…to assume that he has the legal right to do whatever the needs of the people demand, unless the Constitution or the laws explicitly forbid him to do it” • TR was committed to a series of reforms: • Breaking up harmful monopolies (called “trustbusting”) • Regulating businesses such as railroads & the meat industry • Conservation of natural resources

  16. Trustbusting • During the Gilded Age, Congress passed a series of laws designed to keep big business in check: • Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1890 made it illegal for companies to restrict trade • Congress did not use the law to break-up monopolies Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  17. Trustbusting • Roosevelt saw the benefit of efficient monopolies, but wanted to control badtrusts: • Roosevelt administration “busted”25 trusts in 7 years Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  18. Theodore Roosevelt, the Trustbuster RESTRAINT

  19. Supporting Workers • 1902, the United Mine Workers went on strike to demand higher pay & an eight-hour work day • The Anthracite Coal Strike lasted 11months & threatened the nation as winter approached Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  20. Supporting Workers • Unlike the Gilded Age presidents, TR did not side with the owners & break up the strike • TR forced both sides to arbitrate or face gov’t seizure of the coal mine • The result was a “square deal” for both sides Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  21. Regulating Business • When muckraker Upton Sinclair’s The Junglewas published, Roosevelt pushed for regulation of the meat packing industry • Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act in 1906 • To ban harmful products & end false medicine claims, the Pure Food & Drug Act passed in 1906 Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  22. Unregulated Food & Medicines:The Need for the Pure Food & Drug Act

  23. Conservation of the Environment • During the Gilded Age, corporations clear- cut forests & viewed America’s natural resources as endless • Roosevelt began the 1st national environmental conservation program Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft TR stands with environmental activist John Muir Woodrow Wilson

  24. Conservation of the Environment • The gov’t protected 195 million acres as off limits to businesses • The Reclamation Service placed natural resources (oil, trees, coal) under federal protection Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  25. National Parks and Forests

  26. The Legacy of Theodore Roosevelt • In 1908, Roosevelt decided not to run for re-election as president • TR’s presidency was important because for the first time, the national government: • Regulated big business • Protected the environment • Assumed responsibility for the welfare of workers & consumers Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  27. William Howard Taft When Roosevelt decided not to run for re-election in 1908, his successor to the presidency was Republican William Howard Taft

  28. The Presidency of Taft • Like TR, Taft believed that the U.S. needed progressive reform: • In his 4 years as president, Taft helped break up twice as many monopolies as Roosevelt • Created the Children’s Bureau & pushed for child labor laws • Helped create safety codes for coal miners & railroad workers Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  29. The Presidency of Taft • But, Taft did not always trust the gov’t to solve problems & often sided with conservative Republicans • He angered progressives when he supported a high tariff which helped monopolies • He allowed a cabinet secretary to sell 1 million acres of conservation land to businesses • Progressive politicians hoped that TR would run for president again Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  30. Progressives (& Roosevelt) began to view Taft as having made a mess of TR’s reforms

  31. The Election of 1912 • TR decided to run for president in 1912 but the Republican Party picked Taft as their candidate • TR created the Progressive (“Bull Moose”) Party • Taft was the Republican nominee & the Democrats ran a reform governor, Woodrow Wilson • Republican voters were divided in whom to support: Roosevelt or Taft Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  32. The Election of 1912 & the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) I’m feeling as fit as a “bull moose”

  33. The Election of 1912 With the Republicans divided, Democrat Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912 Republicans divided by a Bull moose equals a Democratic victory!

  34. President Woodrow Wilson • President Wilson oversaw a great wave of progressive reforms: • 16th Amendment created the 1stincome tax in U.S. history • 17th Amendment allowed for the direct-election of U.S. Senators • 18th Amendment outlawed alcohol (prohibition) • 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote (suffrage) Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt “Progressive Amendments” William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  35. President Woodrow Wilson • President Wilson oversaw a great wave of progressive reforms: • Created the Federal Reserveto regulate the economy by adjusting the money supply & interest rates • The Clayton Anti-Trust Act limited the ability of companies to form monopolies & protected workers’ right to strike • The Federal Trade Commission monitored unfair business practices Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  36. The Federal Reserve System The “Fed” regulates the amount of money in circulation to help keep the economy strong

  37. The End of Progressive Reform • The Progressive Era (1890-1920) brought major changes: • Gov’t regulation of big business • Improvements in U.S. cities • More democracy for the people • But, the outbreak of World War I in Europe distracted Americans & brought an end to the Progressive Era Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  38. The End Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

  39. Presidential Seal Teddy Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson

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