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Pharmacology Day 1. Elizabeth Keele, RN/BSN. Course Objective #2. Describe the dynamic process between the giver and the receiver of medications, which promotes positive medication compliance. “Dynamic Process”. dy·nam·ic dīˈ namik / adjective
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Pharmacology Day 1 Elizabeth Keele, RN/BSN
Course Objective #2 • Describe the dynamic process between the giver and the receiver of medications, which promotes positive medication compliance.
dy·nam·ic • dīˈnamik/ • adjective • 1. ( process or system) characterized by constant change, activity, or progress.
“Dynamic Process” • Giver • Receiver
“Mutual process” • Key characteristics: • Knowledge • Teaching • Communication • Observation skills • Evaluation skills
Turn to your neighbor and take turns… • Describing the dynamic process between the giver and the receiver of medications, which promotes positive medication compliance. • (Course objective #2)
Course Objective #1 • Identify limitations/deficits commonly seen in D.D. clients that prevent them from asking questions or reporting adverse effects regarding medications they receive.
Limitations to “mutual process” of medication administration • Understanding • Communication • Awareness • Knowledge • Teaching • Communication • Observation • Evaluation
Limitations to “mutual process” of medication administration • The NURSE must “account and compensate” for these limitations
Medication Administration is… • Invasive • Risk to benefit
Turn to your neighbor and take turns • Identify limitations/deficits commonly seen in D.D. clients that prevent them from asking questions or reporting adverse effects regarding medications they receive. • (Course objective #1)
Course Objective #3 • Describe the importance of patient teaching with regard to prescribed medication regimen.
Teaching / Learning Process • Teaching • Interactive process • Learning • Acquiring new knowledge • Motivation • Desire
3 Domains of Learning • Cognitive • Intellectual activities • Affective • Attitudes & beliefs • Psychomotor • Physical skills
Turn to your neighbor and… • Describe the importance of patient teaching with regard to prescribed medication regimen. • (Course objective #3)
Course Objective #4 • Describe the electrochemical processes of the central nervous system, which allow CNS drugs to cause their desired effects.
Course objective #12 • Explain how chemicals and electrical impulses interact to make up the electrochemical properties of the nervous system.
The nervous system consists of: • Divided system • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain & Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Nerves (peripheral & Cranial)
Nervous System • Controls and coordinates the body • By transmission of electrical impulses (Electrical-chemical system)
Nerve Impulse • The nervous system is powered by electrical and chemical energy • K+ • Na+ • Cl- • (Ca+)
Course objective #9 • Differentiate between afferent and efferent neuron.
Neuron • Basic functional unit • Afferent neuron • Sensory • Carry info from PNS CNS • Efferent neuron • Motor • Carry into from CNS PNS
Neuron structure • Cell body/ Soma • Nucleus • Neurotransmitters synthesized • Dendrites • Carry impulses toward the cell body • Axons • Carry impulses away from the cell body
Cool Fact Damaged Neuron • CNS = • Irreversible • PNS = • will repair itself if the cell body is not destroyed
Course Objective #10 • Describe the role played by neurotransmitters in nerve impulse transmission within the synapse.
Synaptic Junction • Neuron connect to each other end to end • Where two neurons come together • Synaptic junction • Synapse • Inter-neuron space
Anatomy of the NS • Synapse = the space between one neuron & the next Pre-synaptic neuron Post-synaptic neuron
Synaptic Junction • Terminal end of Axon = Pre-Synaptic Vesicles • Nerve impulse reaches the vesicle release substance neurotransmitters (nt) into the synaptic junction • Nerve impulses must have a receptor site
Synaptic events • Electrochemical message received • Vesicle opens • NT are released into synapse • NT finds its receptor site that it fits into on the next neuron • Activation of receptor nerve impulse in post-synaptic vessel • Re-uptake of NT • MAO action
Neurotransmitters • Synthesized in the soma • Special Properties • Excitability • Inhibitory • 30+ neurotransmitters
Course objective #11 • Describe the role played by monoamine oxidase in nerve impulse transmission within the synapse.
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) • ENZYME • Released into the synaptic space • Action • breakdown or inactivates NT • Result • i NT levels
Course Objective #5 • Differentiate between the following neurotransmitters: • Acetylcholine • Norepinephrine • Dopamine • Serotonin • Gamma-aminobutyricacid • Glycine
Neurotransmitters • Synthesized in the soma • Special Properties • Excitability • Inhibitory • 30+ neurotransmitters
Excitatory Neurotransmitters • Serotonin • Sleep • Sensory perception • Temperature • Mood • Inhibits pain
Excitatory Neurotransmitters • Dopamine • Subconscious movement • Fine motor skills • Emotional responses
Excitatory Neurotransmitters • Norepinepherine • Maintains arousal • Overall activity • Mood • Acetylcholine • Vital for short term memory
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters • Cholinergic • Stabilizers
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters • Gammaamniobutyricacid • GABA • #1 • h concentration in • brain • Stop/slow firing of neurons • Glycine • h concentration in • Spinal Cord
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters • Dopamine • Basal Ganglia • Dopamine & Acetylcholine are opposites which work together to create homeostasis
Course Objective #6 • Identify psychiatric disorders that appear to be related to the body’s inability to regulate the availability of neurotransmitters.
h or i Neurotransmitters • Imbalance disease or disorder
Schizophrenia • hdopamine
Depression • i Serotonin
Alzheimer’s Disease • i acetylcholine
Generalized Anxiety Disorder • Norepinephrine • Serotonin
ADHD(Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) • Imbalance • Norepinephrine • Dopamine
Drug Addictions • Affects dopamine areas of the brain