The Canonization

1. The Canonization

2. The Canonization[1] 1. It is a love poem in which John Donne takes a positive attitude towards love. It consists of five nine-lined stanzas. In the first stanza the author asks people not to disturb his love. In the second stanza, the poet puts up a rhetorical question, asking “ who's injured by my love? ” In the third one the poet says love has combined her and him into one and their love is mysterious. In the fourth, the poet prepares to die for love, and to be canonized for love. The last stanza draws the conclusion that the poet's love would be a pattern of other's love. The general metrical form of the poem is iambic pentameter alternating with iambic tetrameter, with a rhyme scheme of abba ccc aa. canonization: the act of officially declaring someone to be a saint. Here “ love ” is canonized.

3. For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love [2], Or chide my palsy, or my gout, My five grey hairs, or ruined fortune flout [3], With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve [4], Take you a course, get you a place [5], Observe his Honour, or his Grace [6], Or the King's real, or his stamped face [7] Contemplate; what you will, approve [8], So [9] you will let me love. The Canonization 2. Line 1: the poem is in the conversational tone. It is addressed to people in general.

4. For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love [2], Or chide my palsy, or my gout, My five grey hairs, or ruined fortune flout [3], With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve [4], Take you a course, get you a place [5], Observe his Honour, or his Grace [6], Or the King's real, or his stamped face [7] Contemplate; what you will, approve [8], So [9] you will let me love. The Canonization 3. Line 2 ～ 3: childe: scold; palsy: paralysis; gout: a disease causing inflammation of the joints, especially the toes, knees, and fingers. “ My five gray hairs ” refers to the coming of old age. Ruined fortune indicates Donne's ruined career after his marriage with Ann More (according to some critics). Flout: mock, treat contemptuously. The objects of “ flout ” are “ hairs ” and “ fortune ” . or … or: either … or

5. For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love [2], Or chide my palsy, or my gout, My five grey hairs, or ruined fortune flout [3], With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve [4], Take you a course, get you a place [5], Observe his Honour, or his Grace [6], Or the King's real, or his stamped face [7] Contemplate; what you will, approve [8], So [9] you will let me love. The Canonization 4. Line 4: improve your state with wealth and your mind with arts. state: position; improve: make better. The objects of “ improve ” are “ state ” and “ mind ” .

6. For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love [2], Or chide my palsy, or my gout, My five grey hairs, or ruined fortune flout [3], With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve [4], Take you a course, get you a place [5], Observe his Honour, or his Grace [6], Or the King's real, or his stamped face [7] Contemplate; what you will, approve [8], So [9] you will let me love. The Canonization 5. Line 5: Get yourself a career, get yourself a position of employment. place: a position of employment

7. For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love [2], Or chide my palsy, or my gout, My five grey hairs, or ruined fortune flout [3], With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve [4], Take you a course, get you a place [5], Observe his Honour, or his Grace [6], Or the King's real, or his stamped face [7] Contemplate; what you will, approve [8], So [9] you will let me love. The Canonization 6. Line 6: observe: attend to; his honour: a person of importance; his grace: some bishop. “ Grace ” is a title of address applied to an archbishop.

8. For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love [2], Or chide my palsy, or my gout, My five grey hairs, or ruined fortune flout [3], With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve [4], Take you a course, get you a place [5], Observe his Honour, or his Grace [6], Or the King's real, or his stamped face [7] Contemplate; what you will, approve [8], So [9] you will let me love. The Canonization 7. Line 7: The king himself or as he appears on money. the king's real (face): the king in person, the king himself; his stamped face: the coin on which the face of the king is stamped.

9. For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love [2], Or chide my palsy, or my gout, My five grey hairs, or ruined fortune flout [3], With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve [4], Take you a course, get you a place [5], Observe his Honour, or his Grace [6], Or the King's real, or his stamped face [7] Contemplate; what you will, approve [8], So [9] you will let me love. The Canonization 8. Line 8: contemplate: Gaze at thoughtfully. The objects of contemplate' are “ real ” and “ face ” . what you will, approve: approve what you will. approve: try, experience

10. For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love [2], Or chide my palsy, or my gout, My five grey hairs, or ruined fortune flout [3], With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve [4], Take you a course, get you a place [5], Observe his Honour, or his Grace [6], Or the King's real, or his stamped face [7] Contemplate; what you will, approve [8], So [9] you will let me love. The Canonization 9. so: so long as, if only

11. Alas, alas [10], who's injured by my love? What merchant's ships have my sighs [11] drowned? Who says my tears [11] have overflowed his ground [12]? When did my colds [11] a forward spring remove? [13] When did the heats [11] which my veins fill Add one more to the plaguy bill [14]? Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still Litigious men, which quarrels move [15], Though she and I do love. The Canonization 10. Alas, alas: an exclamation used to express sorrow, pity, or concern

12. Alas, alas [10], who's injured by my love? What merchant's ships have my sighs [11] drowned? Who says my tears [11] have overflowed his ground [12]? When did my colds [11] a forward spring remove? [13] When did the heats [11] which my veins fill Add one more to the plaguy bill [14]? Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still Litigious men, which quarrels move [15], Though she and I do love. The Canonization 11. sighs, tears, colds, heats: the conventional Petrachan hyperboles for love sickness used as an argument that their love affects nobody else's business. This usage of the words is known as “ conceit ” . colds: indifference to love; hearts: violent passion

13. Alas, alas [10], who's injured by my love? What merchant's ships have my sighs [11] drowned? Who says my tears [11] have overflowed his ground [12]? When did my colds [11] a forward spring remove? [13] When did the heats [11] which my veins fill Add one more to the plaguy bill [14]? Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still Litigious men, which quarrels move [15], Though she and I do love. The Canonization 12. overflowed his ground: flooded his ground

14. Alas, alas [10], who's injured by my love? What merchant's ships have my sighs [11] drowned? Who says my tears [11] have overflowed his ground [12]? When did my colds [11] a forward spring remove? [13] When did the heats [11] which my veins fill Add one more to the plaguy bill [14]? Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still Litigious men, which quarrels move [15], Though she and I do love. The Canonization 13. Line 13: Has my indifference to love held back an early spring? forward spring: the spring that comes earlier than usual; remove: to send or put away

15. Alas, alas [10], who's injured by my love? What merchant's ships have my sighs [11] drowned? Who says my tears [11] have overflowed his ground [12]? When did my colds [11] a forward spring remove? [13] When did the heats [11] which my veins fill Add one more to the plaguy bill [14]? Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still Litigious men, which quarrels move [15], Though she and I do love. The Canonization 14. Line 15: one more: one more person; plaguy bill: plague bill, i.e., the list of the names of the persons who died in the plague

16. Alas, alas [10], who's injured by my love? What merchant's ships have my sighs [11] drowned? Who says my tears [11] have overflowed his ground [12]? When did my colds [11] a forward spring remove? [13] When did the heats [11] which my veins fill Add one more to the plaguy bill [14]? Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still Litigious men, which quarrels move [15], Though she and I do love. The Canonization 15. Line 16 ～ 17: soldiers find wars: soldiers will find wars. Lawyers find out still / Litigious men: lawyers will still find out men who are fond of going to court. which: who (men); quarrels move: move quarrels, stir up quarrels

17. Call us what you will, we are made such [16] by love; Call her one, me another fly [17], We are tapers [18] too, and at our own cost die [19], And we in us find the Eagle and the Dove [20]. The Phoenix [21] riddle hath more wit [22] By us [23]; we two being one, are it. So to one neutral thing both sexes fit [24], We die and rise the same [25], and prove Mysterious [26] by this love. The Canonization 16. such: such things as listed in the following lines

18. Call us what you will, we are made such [16] by love; Call her one, me another fly [17], We are tapers [18] too, and at our own cost die [19], And we in us find the Eagle and the Dove [20]. The Phoenix [21] riddle hath more wit [22] By us [23]; we two being one, are it. So to one neutral thing both sexes fit [24], We die and rise the same [25], and prove Mysterious [26] by this love. The Canonization 17. fly: moth, the life of which is very short 18. tapers: slender candle

19. Call us what you will, we are made such [16] by love; Call her one, me another fly [17], We are tapers [18] too, and at our own cost die [19], And we in us find the Eagle and the Dove [20]. The Phoenix [21] riddle hath more wit [22] By us [23]; we two being one, are it. So to one neutral thing both sexes fit [24], We die and rise the same [25], and prove Mysterious [26] by this love. The Canonization 19. at our own cost die: die at our own expense. The moths are attracted by the fire of the candle and burn themselves to death. The tapers also burn themselves.

20. Call us what you will, we are made such [16] by love; Call her one, me another fly [17], We are tapers [18] too, and at our own cost die [19], And we in us find the Eagle and the Dove [20]. The Phoenix [21] riddle hath more wit [22] By us [23]; we two being one, are it. So to one neutral thing both sexes fit [24], We die and rise the same [25], and prove Mysterious [26] by this love. The Canonization 20. the Eagle and the Dove: the predatory and the meek. The Eagle is the symbol of strength, and the dove is the symbol of mildness.

21. Call us what you will, we are made such [16] by love; Call her one, me another fly [17], We are tapers [18] too, and at our own cost die [19], And we in us find the Eagle and the Dove [20]. The Phoenix [21] riddle hath more wit [22] By us [23]; we two being one, are it. So to one neutral thing both sexes fit [24], We die and rise the same [25], and prove Mysterious [26] by this love. The Canonization 21. The Phoenix: a mythical bird. It could live 500 years, and then was reborn out of its own ashes, not by sex, and so it contained in one individual the male and female principle.

22. Call us what you will, we are made such [16] by love; Call her one, me another fly [17], We are tapers [18] too, and at our own cost die [19], And we in us find the Eagle and the Dove [20]. The Phoenix [21] riddle hath more wit [22] By us [23]; we two being one, are it. So to one neutral thing both sexes fit [24], We die and rise the same [25], and prove Mysterious [26] by this love. The Canonization 22. more wit: more sense 23. By us: By our example

23. Call us what you will, we are made such [16] by love; Call her one, me another fly [17], We are tapers [18] too, and at our own cost die [19], And we in us find the Eagle and the Dove [20]. The Phoenix [21] riddle hath more wit [22] By us [23]; we two being one, are it. So to one neutral thing both sexes fit [24], We die and rise the same [25], and prove Mysterious [26] by this love. The Canonization 24. Line 25: Both sexes meet in one neutral thing. so: in such measure, referring to “ we die and rise the same ” in the following line. one neutral thing: the phoenix

24. Call us what you will, we are made such [16] by love; Call her one, me another fly [17], We are tapers [18] too, and at our own cost die [19], And we in us find the Eagle and the Dove [20]. The Phoenix [21] riddle hath more wit [22] By us [23]; we two being one, are it. So to one neutral thing both sexes fit [24], We die and rise the same [25], and prove Mysterious [26] by this love. The Canonization 25. the same: the same as before death 26. Mysterious: worthy of reverence, as mysterious as the mythical phoenix, like religion mysteries.

25. We can die by it [27], if not live by love, And if unfit for tombs and hearse Our legend be [28], it will be fit for verse; And if no piece of chronicle [29] we prove, We'll build in sonnets [30] pretty rooms [31]; As well a well-wrought urn becomes The greatest ashes, as half-acre tombs [32], And by these hymns [33], all shall approve Us canonized for love [34]: The Canonization 27. it: love 28. And if unfit for tombs and hearse / Our legend be: and if the legend of our love is not worthy of the honour of being inscribed on tombstone or carried to the grave by hearse. legend: our legendary love; hearse: a vehicle for carrying the coffin at a funeral

26. We can die by it [27], if not live by love, And if unfit for tombs and hearse Our legend be [28], it will be fit for verse; And if no piece of chronicle [29] we prove, We'll build in sonnets [30] pretty rooms [31]; As well a well-wrought urn becomes The greatest ashes, as half-acre tombs [32], And by these hymns [33], all shall approve Us canonized for love [34]: The Canonization 29. chronicle: history 30. sonnets: love poems

27. We can die by it [27], if not live by love, And if unfit for tombs and hearse Our legend be [28], it will be fit for verse; And if no piece of chronicle [29] we prove, We'll build in sonnets [30] pretty rooms [31]; As well a well-wrought urn becomes The greatest ashes, as half-acre tombs [32], And by these hymns [33], all shall approve Us canonized for love [34]: The Canonization 31. rooms: stanzas. The original meaning of “ stanza ” in Italian is “ room ” .

28. We can die by it [27], if not live by love, And if unfit for tombs and hearse Our legend be [28], it will be fit for verse; And if no piece of chronicle [29] we prove, We'll build in sonnets [30] pretty rooms [31]; As well a well-wrought urn becomes The greatest ashes, as half-acre tombs [32], And by these hymns [33], all shall approve Us canonized for love [34]: The Canonization 32. Line 33 ～ 34: a well-worked urn befits the ashes of the greatest one as well as a half-acre tomb. becomes: suits, befits; the greatest ashes: the ashes of the greatest person who dies for love; half-acre tomb: very large tomb. Here the poet is taking the urn as the love lyric, the tomb as the chronicle of worldly achievements.

29. We can die by it [27], if not live by love, And if unfit for tombs and hearse Our legend be [28], it will be fit for verse; And if no piece of chronicle [29] we prove, We'll build in sonnets [30] pretty rooms [31]; As well a well-wrought urn becomes The greatest ashes, as half-acre tombs [32], And by these hymns [33], all shall approve Us canonized for love [34]: The Canonization 33. these hymns: referring to the sonnets written in their praise by succeeding generations of lovers

30. We can die by it [27], if not live by love, And if unfit for tombs and hearse Our legend be [28], it will be fit for verse; And if no piece of chronicle [29] we prove, We'll build in sonnets [30] pretty rooms [31]; As well a well-wrought urn becomes The greatest ashes, as half-acre tombs [32], And by these hymns [33], all shall approve Us canonized for love [34]: The Canonization 34. all shall approve / Us canonized for love: all men will recognize that we have been made holy for our love. all: all men in the future generation; approve: allow

31. And thus invoke us [35]; “ You whom reverend love Made one another's hermitage [36]; You, to whom love was peace [37], that now is rage [38]; Who did the whole world's soul contract [39], and drove [40] Into the glasses of your eyes [41] (So made such mirrors, and such spies, That they did all to you epitomize), Countries, Towns, Courts [42]: beg from above [43] A pattern [44] of your love! ” The Canonization 35. invoke us: pray to us as saints

32. And thus invoke us [35]; “ You whom reverend love Made one another's hermitage [36]; You, to whom love was peace [37], that now is rage [38]; Who did the whole world's soul contract [39], and drove [40] Into the glasses of your eyes [41] (So made such mirrors, and such spies, That they did all to you epitomize), Countries, Towns, Courts [42]: beg from above [43] A pattern [44] of your love! ” The Canonization 36. Line 38: You lovers give hermitage (a hiding place) to each other.

33. And thus invoke us [35]; “ You whom reverend love Made one another's hermitage [36]; You, to whom love was peace [37], that now is rage [38]; Who did the whole world's soul contract [39], and drove [40] Into the glasses of your eyes [41] (So made such mirrors, and such spies, That they did all to you epitomize), Countries, Towns, Courts [42]: beg from above [43] A pattern [44] of your love! ” The Canonization 37. to whom love was peace: The love between the poet and his lover was peaceful and quiet.

34. And thus invoke us [35]; “ You whom reverend love Made one another's hermitage [36]; You, to whom love was peace [37], that now is rage [38]; Who did the whole world's soul contract [39], and drove [40] Into the glasses of your eyes [41] (So made such mirrors, and such spies, That they did all to you epitomize), Countries, Towns, Courts [42]: beg from above [43] A pattern [44] of your love! ” The Canonization 38. that now is rage: Love today is sexually violent

35. And thus invoke us [35]; “ You whom reverend love Made one another's hermitage [36]; You, to whom love was peace [37], that now is rage [38]; Who did the whole world's soul contract [39], and drove [40] Into the glasses of your eyes [41] (So made such mirrors, and such spies, That they did all to you epitomize), Countries, Towns, Courts [42]: beg from above [43] A pattern [44] of your love! ” The Canonization 39. the whole world's soul contract: draw the souls of all human beings. contract: draw together, epitomize (in Line 43)

36. And thus invoke us [35]; “ You whom reverend love Made one another's hermitage [36]; You, to whom love was peace [37], that now is rage [38]; Who did the whole world's soul contract [39], and drove [40] Into the glasses of your eyes [41] (So made such mirrors, and such spies, That they did all to you epitomize), Countries, Towns, Courts [42]: beg from above [43] A pattern [44] of your love! ” The Canonization 40. drove: crammed. The objects of the word are “ countries, towns, courts ” in Line 44.

37. And thus invoke us [35]; “ You whom reverend love Made one another's hermitage [36]; You, to whom love was peace [37], that now is rage [38]; Who did the whole world's soul contract [39], and drove [40] Into the glasses of your eyes [41] (So made such mirrors, and such spies, That they did all to you epitomize), Countries, Towns, Courts [42]: beg from above [43] A pattern [44] of your love! ” The Canonization 41. the glasses of your eyes: your eyeballs

38. And thus invoke us [35]; “ You whom reverend love Made one another's hermitage [36]; You, to whom love was peace [37], that now is rage [38]; Who did the whole world's soul contract [39], and drove [40] Into the glasses of your eyes [41] (So made such mirrors, and such spies, That they did all to you epitomize), Countries, Towns, Courts [42]: beg from above [43] A pattern [44] of your love! ” The Canonization 42. Who did the whole world's soul … Countries, Towns, Courts ： who reduced the entire animating principle of the world to yourselves, concentrated all society into your own eyes, which accordingly mirrored and epitomized it.

39. And thus invoke us [35]; “ You whom reverend love Made one another's hermitage [36]; You, to whom love was peace [37], that now is rage [38]; Who did the whole world's soul contract [39], and drove [40] Into the glasses of your eyes [41] (So made such mirrors, and such spies, That they did all to you epitomize), Countries, Towns, Courts [42]: beg from above [43] A pattern [44] of your love! ” The Canonization 43. beg from above: beg from heaven 44. pattern: model