Anatomy and Physiology I

1. Anatomy and Physiology I Tissue Types

2. GPS Standards SAP1. Students will analyze anatomical structures in relationship to their physiological functions. • Describe how structure and function are related in terms of cell and tissue types.

3. Learning Goals By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Relate structure and function to tissue types. • List the four major tissue types. • Describe the structure, location, and function of subcategories from the four major tissue types.

4. Medical Terminology Define the following prefixes, suffixes, and roots: Use prefixes, suffixes, and roots to define the following: • a- • uni – • multi – • pseudo – • histo- • epi – • column – • cuboid – • osseous – • nucleate – • squamous – • stratify – • villi- • avascular • binucleate • columnar epithelium • cuboidal epithelium • microvilli • multinucleate • peripheral protein • pseudostratified • osseous tissue • squamous epithelium • stratified squamous epithelium prefix suffix root

5. Key Terms • Histology: • the study of tissues • Tissues: • groups of cells which are similar in structure and which perform common or related functions

6. Four Basic Kinds of Tissues • Epithelial Tissue • Connective Tissue • Muscle Tissue • Nervous Tissue

7. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue Description and Locations: Epithelial Tissue Functions: • Description • Has one free surface (not attached to another tissue) • Has a basement membrane that is attached to connective tissue • Location • Covers the body; has one unattached surface • Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts and blood vessels inside the body • Covers the organs inside body cavities • Protection from physical & chemical injury, • Protection against microbial invasion, • Contains receptors which respond to stimuli, • Filters, secretes & reabsorbs materials and • Secretes serous fluids to lubricate structures.

8. Squamous Epithelium Simple Squamous • Simple – a single layer • squamous – flat • Lines alveoli of lungs, which allows the passive transport of gases. • Stratified – several layers • Forms the epidermis of the skin Stratified Squamous

9. Duct Duct Cuboidal Epithelium Cuboid Cells • Simple – one cell thick • Roughly cube shaped • Line ducts in kidneys, etc, where reabsorption and secretory activities take place. Cuboid Cells

10. Columnar Epithelium • Simple – one cell thick • Column shaped (long & narrow) • Line digestive tract where reabsorption & secretion occurs. • Pseudostratified – gives the appearance of more than one layer of columnar epithelial cells

11. Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Description and Location: Connective Tissue Functions: • Description • Most diverse group of tissue • Composed of various fibers • Location • Everywhere - Most abundant & widely distributed tissue • Connects, binds and supports structures (tendons, ligaments, cartilage, etc.) • Protects organs and tissues (bone) • Cushions and insulates (fat) • Transports substances (blood)

12. Connective – Dense White Fibrous • Strap-like, dense, white • Binds bone to bone (ligaments) or muscle to bone (tendons

13. Connective – Hyaline Cartilage • Supports while providing flexibility • Absorbs compression between bones in joints (articular cartilage) • Holds open respiratory passages • Most abundant type of cartilage in body

14. Connective – Bone (Osseous) • Tree ring-like appearance • Supports & protects • Mineral storage • Fat storage • Blood cell production

15. Connective - Adipose • Honeycomb or chickenwire appearance • Stores energy (fat) • Insulates • Supports & protects organs

16. Connective - Blood • Only fluid connective tissue • Removes wastes from cells • Supplies nutrients and oxygen to cells

17. Muscle Tissue Muscle Tissue Location: Muscle Tissue Functions: • Description • May be striated or smooth, branched or unbranched, cylindrical or spindle-shaped depending on type • Location • There are three types based on location • Skeletal – associated with bones of the skeleton • Smooth – found in the walls of hollow organs • Cardiac – found in the heart • Movement • Locomotion • Maintains posture • Produces heat • Facial expressions • Pumps blood • Peristalsis

18. Muscle Tissue - Skeletal • Muscle fibers (cells) long, parallel & cylindrical • With many nuclei (multinucleate) • Striations (cross stripes run perpendicular to the cells • Produce voluntary movement • Locomotion • Heat

19. Muscle Tissue - Smooth • Spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei • Arranged to form sheets • No striations • Pushes substances or objects (food, urine, babies) through passageways • Involuntary control

20. Muscle Tissue - Cardiac • Branching, striated, uninucleate with special intercalated discs branches • Contracts to propel blood into circulation • Involuntary control Intercalated disc

21. Nervous Tissue Nervous Tissue Description and Location: Nervous Tissue Functions: • Description • Large cell body that contains the nucleus, which is attached by long processes • Location • Main component of the nervous system, ie., brain, spinal cord & nerves. • Regulates & controls body functions • Generates & transmits nerve impulses • Supports, insulates and protects impulse generating neurons.

22. Nervous Tissue – Neuron • Branching cells with many long processes • Large central nucleus • Regulates activities by transmitting impulses from one area of the body to another

23. Resource • Adapted from the Anatomy PowerPoint of J. A. Giacobbe, South Pointe High School, Phoenix, AZ • To view slides of human tissue see the Central Ohio Technical College website, Human Biology Slide Review http://www.newarkcolleges.com/kponto/4081Slides/index.htm