Essential Question : What were the significant motivations for & results of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890

1. Essential Question: • What were the significant motivations for & results of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914?

2. Reasons for U.S. Expansion • Prior to 1890, U.S. expansion was focused on settling the western frontier via Manifest Destiny • Expansion by 1890s was different • New forms of communication ledtoasenseofinternationalism • Lookedtogainmorenavalbases & markets in major trade routes • New territories were viewed as colonies, not as future-states

3. Reasons for U.S. Expansion • Why the new focus? New markets • End of the frontier led to fears about economic opportunities • American industrialism made the U.S. a major exporter • Businessmen feared nothing would be left when European imperialists finished annexing

4. U.S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908 World Colonial Empires, 1900

5. Reasons for U.S. Expansion • Why the new focus? Darwinism • Social Darwinism promoted white superiority • “White Man’s Burden” promoted the “duty to civilize” the world through trade, democracy, & Christianity • By the 1890s, the U.S. was ready for its first real foreign “policy”

6. American Social Darwinism Civilization Vice Ignorance Barbarism Superstition Oppression Which nations is England “hauling up the hill”? What about the U.S.?

7. The US as a World Power The U.S. promoted trade with but avoided diplomatic conflicts with Europe The U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin America but viewed the Caribbean as an “American Lake” & Latin America as a vast potential market for U.S. goods The U.S. coveted Hawaii & control of the sea lanes to China

8. The U.S. as a World Power: Alaska In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to annex Canada & Mexico for the USA

9. The U.S. as a World Power: Latin America Sec of State William Blaine (under Garfield & Harrison) emphasized a “Good Neighbor Policy” & created bilateral treaties to secure U.S. trade U.S. businesses flooded Latin America with goods, bought raw materials, & undercut local Latin American businesses

10. The U.S. as a World Power: Hawaii U.S. missionaries & prospectors 1st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation owners who called for U.S. annexation “The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it.” —John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison In 1891, U.S. planters led an overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani & Hawaii became a republic in 1894 under Sanford Dole

11. Do you see any short- & long-term significance to annexing Hawaii? Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President McKinley

12. The U.S. as a World Power: China The U.S. Open Door Policy in 1900 suggested that no nation would have an exclusive sphere of influence in China The U.S. was eager to trade with China; but China was divided into European spheres of influence

13. The U.S. as a World Power: Japan But U.S.-Japanese relations were rocky in the early 20th Century The U.S. navy led by Commodore Matthew Perry “opened” Japan to U.S. trade in 1854 & ended 200 years of Japanese isolationism Japan gained power in Asia after the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 & gained control of Korea The U.S. & Japan signed a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in 1907: U.S. rescinded segregation against Japanese living in CA & Japan limited emigration to the U.S. The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 agreed to protect Asian status quo, uphold the Open Door policy, & respect Chinese independence

14. The New Navy The U.S.’ most influential naval strategist (under President Cleveland) • In order to adequately prepare for the new U.S. role in foreign policy, Alfred Mahan pushed for a “new navy” in the 1880s: • The initial focus was to create lightly-armored, fast ships • But by the 1890s, the navy built new “offensive” battleships • The navy improved from 12th the world in 1889 to 3rd in 1900 1st big, heavy-armor ships 1st submarines 1st smokeless-powder artillery 1st rapid-fire guns 1st torpedoes

15. The Spanish-American War

16. Causes of the Spanish-American War • U.S. presidents from Jefferson to McKinley saw the benefits for the U.S. of gaining Cuba • The Spanish- American War to assist Cuba’s independence was the most popular war since the American Revolution

17. Causes of the Spanish-American War • By the 1860s, the only remaining piecesoftheSpanish Empire were Cuba, Puerto Rico, & Philippines • José Martí led Cubans in revolt against Spain in 1895 • Spanish General Weyler used a reconcentration policy (torture & destruction of the Cuban food supply) to try to end the Cuban independence movement

19. American Involvement • Presidents Cleveland & McKinley both remained neutral regarding Cuban independence until: • Newspapers used sensationalist “yellow journalism” which boosted U.S. sympathy for Cuba • In 1898, the USS Maine, sent to protect U.S. interests in Cuba, exploded in Havana harbor

21. Pulitzer’s The World &Hearst’s New York Journal

22. The Spanish-American War • In April 1898, Congress declared war on Spain, but added the Teller Amendment to the war declaration stated that the U.S. had no plans to annex Cuba • The war led to patriotic outburst: • Ex-Confederates served & symbolicallyunitedNorth&South • Women & African-Americans volunteered in mass numbers “Populists, Democrats, & Republicans are we. But we are all Americans to make Cuba free.”

23. Spanish-American War was fought in 2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines Even the elite joined: Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in Cuba “What a splendid little war.” —John Hay, Secretary of State under President McKinley The war lasted only 113 days & resulted in 5,500 deaths (mostly from disease, only 379 died in battle)

24. Results of Spanish-American War • U.S. & Spain signed the Treaty of Paris on Dec 10, 1898: • Cuba gained independence • U.S.gainedPuertoRico&Guam • What to do with the Philippines? The U.S. did not want it, but Germany did, so the U.S. annexed the Philippines

25. War in the Philippines The U.S. did not deem Filipinos “ready” for self-rule • Filipinos welcomed war with Spain & aided the U.S. in the Pacific, but they grew angry when the U.S. refused to grant independence • Emilio Aguinaldo led a guerilla-style rebellion that lasted 3 years: • Cost 4,300 U.S. lives & between 50,000 & 200,000 native lives • TheU.S.resortedtoWeyler-style brutality: torture, starvation, rape

26. War in the Philippines • McKinley appointed William Taft to the Philippine Commission: • Built schools, roads, & bridges • Improved taxes & sanitation • Created local governments that honored Filipino culture • Aguinaldo was captured & urged an end to the fighting • Philippines gained independence on July 4, 1946

27. The “American Empire” in 1900 The Platt Amendment created a new Cuban constitution but forced Cuba to give up land for U.S. naval bases, pay off U.S. war debts, Cuba could not sign a foreign treaty that hurt the U.S., & the U.S. could intervene in Cuba at any time How should the new lands in the new “empire” be governed? Citizenship? Voting? Hawaii, Alaska, & Puerto Rico were made territories with appointed governors & granted U.S. citizenship The navy controlled Guam & Samoa

28. Our Sphere of Influence

30. Conclusions:The USA as a New World Power

31. Impact of Spanish-American War • Just as the Depression of 1893 led to a shift in domestic policy, the Spanish-American War led to shift in U.S. foreign policy: • The U.S. gained overseas territories & was recognized as a legitimate “world power” • Increased the power of the American president