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Industrialization: The Process

Industrialization: The Process. What was industrialization? How did the work process change? A long, uneven, ongoing process : 1830s-1850s: “Take Off” 1870s-1890s: Competitive Capitalism 1890s on: Monopoly Capitalism. A long, uneven, ongoing process :. 1830s-1850s: “Take Off”

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Industrialization: The Process

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  1. Industrialization: The Process • What was industrialization? • How did the work process change? • A long, uneven, ongoing process: 1830s-1850s: “Take Off” 1870s-1890s: Competitive Capitalism 1890s on: Monopoly Capitalism

  2. A long, uneven, ongoing process: 1830s-1850s: “Take Off” 1870s-1890s: Competitive Capitalism 1890s on: Monopoly Capitalism

  3. Industrialization: Process

  4. 1. Demographic change: Higher standard of living  higher life expectancy + immigration  much larger and more diverse population 2. Family life: changes in women’s roles, child labor A Broad Matrix of Changes

  5. Population Growth in Industrial Illinois, 1840-1910 Chicago: 1840: 4500 1880: 500,000 1910: 2.2 million “Downstate”: 1860: 1.6 million/1910: 3.2 million

  6. Broad Matrix of Changes (Continued) • Law: changes to protect private property and facilitate the accumulation of capital, discipline the labor force. • Social Relations: notably, particularly severe class conflict

  7. Birmingham, AL, 1850s/1870s

  8. Industrializing People “Pre-industrial” work habits and culture – artisans, farm girls, and peasants Socializing workers and creating and industrial workforce – measured time, punctuality, an industrialethic Waves of pre-industrial people over time, 1820s to the Present – migrants and immigrants

  9. Lowell Mills, 1830 Model T Assembly Line, 1913 Industrialization: The Human Dimension at Two Moments -- 1830s-1840s and 1900-1920s

  10. Industrialization, 1830s-Civil War • The Material Process: A. Demographic Revolution: (1790: <4 mil./1860: >32 mil) Immigration, 1840-1860: 4.3 mil. (93 % from Europe) B. Transportation Revolution: 1. 1810s-1840s: Canals link local into regional markets – e.g., Erie Canal (1825) I&M (1848) – immigrant labor 2. 1840s-1860s: Railroads link local and regional markets into a national market system, stimulate numerous industries, and provide a model for the modern corporation – immigrant labor. C. Urbanization: 1. 1790: 4-5% / 1870: about 25% -- greatest increase, 1840-1860 2. NE becomes urban and industrial and Midwest “takes off” 3. Residential segregation by class and ethnicity 4. 1870s: Most cities one-third foreign born – Chicago, 48%, NYC – 45%

  11. Industrialization before the factory, e.g., Philadelphia, 1850 • Factories (28%) – textiles, boot and shoe • “Manufactories” (37%) – clothing, leather, boot and shoe 3. Sweatshops (23%) – clothing, boot and shoe 4. “Outwork” (?) – weaving, clothing, boot and shoe 5. The Artisan Shop (12%)

  12. Division of labor and mechanization – “Spinning Jenny.” Separation of production from management and management from ownership. 3. Larger workforces Lowell Mills, 1830 Factory Production:

  13. Yankee farm women Immigrant labor – the Irish Children The early factory proletariat:

  14. Lowell Offering, 1840 Industrial Time and Work Discipline

  15. “The Factory Bell” A Lowell Factory Girl Speaks

  16. “Industrial Morality” “good character” – efficiency, punctuality, temperance, time orientation e.g., Society for the Promotion of Industry, Frugality, and Temperance (Lynn, MA, 1826) Enforcing industrial morality: -- Temperance agitation and “Blue Laws” -- Professionalization of the police -- Laws against “objectionable behavior” -- Centralization of education -- From “outdoor” to “indoor” poor relief

  17. Mr. Dyott’s Plan (1833)

  18. Mass Production and the Recreation of the Labor Force, 1900 – 1920s

  19. Extreme Division of Labor – e.g., Meat Packing and Ford’s Model T Standardized parts Constant Flow of Production Control by management Mechanization Mass Production, 1900 

  20. Industrializing the Workers: Peasants on the Assembly Line The “New Immigrants”, 1890s to 1920s Ford’s Sociology Department

  21. Philips Exeter and Harvard Medical problems  Midvale Steel Bethlehem Steel, 1898 “A Piece Rate System” (1895) Principles of Scientific Management (1911) Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)

  22. Schmidt’s Story, Bethlehem Steel, circa 1900

  23. Principles of Scientific Management • Scientific study of the tasks involved and determination of the “one best way to do the job”. • Scientifically select and train the workman to establish a scientific standard. • Provide detailed instruction and close supervision of each worker in the performance of the task in order to insure maintenance of the standard. • Set the pay scale in relation to the new standard.

  24. Bethlehem Steel Strike, 1910

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