INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Mr. NorazliGhadin Dr.T.V.Rao MD

2. Course Outline • Subject Name : Medical Microbiology 1 • Subject Code : MLT 1222 • Contact Hour/Week : • Theory & tutorial 2 hour • Lab 2 hour • Assessment : • Final examination : 60 % • Mid term : 20% • Quiz : 5% • Attendance & Participitation : 5 %

3. Learning Objective • Know the History of medical microbiology • Understands the field of microbiology • Explain the importance of medical microbiology • Explain laboratory safety • List essential topics in medical microbiology • Know and understand the laboratory procedure involved in microbiology

4. Topics MID Term Final

5. Lets the fun Start

6. Course objectives • To provide the student with the basic knowledge of micro-organisms in general Dr.T.V.Rao MD

7. Coverage of subject • General Microbiology • Bacteriology • Mycology • Virology

8. What is Microbiology? Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye. What are some examples of microbes? Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses are examples! Some are pathogenic Many are beneficial Dr.T.V.Rao MD

9. Dr.T.V.Rao MD Defining Microbiology • Microbiology : • The study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye • Eg: • viruses, • bacteria, • algae, • fungi, • Protozoa • Microbiologists study the • morphology • cytology, • physiology, • ecology, • taxonomy, • genetics, • molecular biology

10. Name of study Organisms included in the study of Microbiology Organism 1. Bacteria 2. Protozoans 3. Algae 4. Parasites 5. Yeasts and Molds Fungi 6. Viruses Bacteriology Protozoology Phycology Parasitology Mycology Virology

11. History of Microbiology 1673-1723, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions. Dr.T.V.Rao MD

12. 荷兰人吕文虎克 （Leeuwenhoek）1632-1723 Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674 - 1st person to actually see living microorganisms “wee animalcules” Dr.T.V.Rao MD

13. History of microbiology • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723): was the first microbiologist and the first person to observe bacteria using a single-lens microscope of his own design. • Louis Pasteur (1822–1895): Pasteur developed a process (today known as pasteurization) to kill microbes. pasteurization is accomplished by heating liquids to 63° to 65°C for 30 minutes or to 73° to 75°C for 15 seconds. • Robert Koch (1843–1910): was a pioneer in medical microbiology and worked in cholera, anthrax and tuberculosis. He was awarded a Nobel prize in 1905 (Koch's postulates) he set out criteria to test. • Alexander Fleming (1929): Discovered penicillin. Dr.T.V.Rao MD

14. Louis Pasteur1922 - 95 • Contributed best in Microbiology • Sterilization • Hot Air oven • Autoclave • Anthrax vaccine • Rabies vaccine • Built the Pasteur Institute Dr.T.V.Rao MD

15. Louis Pasteur • Pasteur coined the word Vaccine • Vacca – Cow cow pox virus are given for the prevention of Small Pox • Louis Pasteur considered the father of Modern Microbiology Dr.T.V.Rao MD

16. Robert Koch1843 - 1910 • A German scientist • Formulated the Bacteriological techniques • Staining Methods • Discovered the Mycobacterium and Vibriocholera • Introduce systematic methods to prove causes of diesease. (Koch postulate)

17. Koch’s Postulates 1 The bacterium should be constantly associated with lesions of Disease 2 It should be possible to isolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesions 3 Inoculation of such pure culture into laboratory animal should reproduce the lesions of the disease 4It is possible to reisolate the bacterium in pure culture from the lesions produced in the experimental animal Additional criterion specific antibodies in the serum of patients suffering with disease Dr.T.V.Rao MD

18. Koch’s postulates Dr.T.V.Rao MD

19. Microbes make the Universe • There are > 5 x 1030 types Microbes in the world • Humans have intimate relation with Microbes > 90% of the cells in our Body are Microbes Dr.T.V.Rao MD

20. Classification Taxonomy of Microorganisms • Three domains • Bacteria • Archaea • Eukarya • Protists • Fungi • Plants • Animals

21. Taxonomy

22. Naming and Classifying Microorganisms • Carolus Linnaeus (1735) established the system of scientific nomenclature. • Each organism has two names: the genus and specific epithet. • Are italicized or underlined. The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lower case. • Eg: Homosapiens Homo sapiens Dr.T.V.Rao MD

23. How to Study Medical Microbiology? Fundamentals of Microbiology • Biological Properties • Morphology, identification, • Pathogenesis and Pathology • Clinical findings • Diagnostic Laboratory Tests • Treatment & Prevention • Epidemiology & Control Bacteriology Virology Mycology Dr.T.V.Rao MD

24. Basic Classification of Microorganism • Eukaryotes Large in size Mitochondria Present Membrane bound Nucleus Eg Algae Protozoa Fungi Slime Moulds Contains all enzymes for production of metabolic energy Prokaryotes Small in Size DNA not separated from cytoplasm Mitochondria absent Eg Bacteria Contains all enzymes like Eukaryotes Dr.T.V.Rao MD

25. Summary of differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells

26. Bacteria • Prokaryotes • Peptidoglycan cell walls • Binary fission • For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis Dr.T.V.Rao MD

27. Pathogenic Prokaryotes Bacteria Mycoplasma Spirochetes Chlamydiae Rickettsia Actinomyces Dr.T.V.Rao MD

28. Viruses A viral particle consists of a nucleic acid molecule, either DNA or RNA, enclosed in a protein coat, or capsid Viruses lack many of the attributes of cells, including the ability to replicate. Only when it infects a cell does a virus acquire the key attribute of a living system: reproduction Viruses are known to infect all cells, including microbial cells. Host-virus interactions tend to be highly specific Dr.T.V.Rao MD

29. Discovery of Virus • Iwanovski • a Russian chemist, 1892 • Tobacco Mosaic Disease • Beijerinck confirmed • Walter Reed, USA • Yellow fever virus • Ist human virus Tobacco mosaic disease, caused by the tobacco mosaic virus Dr.T.V.Rao MD

30. Prion A kind of infectious protein that can resist the digestion of proteinase The cellular form of the prion protein (PrPc) is encoded by the host’s chromosomal DNA An abnormal isoform of this protein (PrPres) is the only known component of the prion and is associated with transmissibility. Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann- Sträussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia , and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) Dr.T.V.Rao MD

31. Viroid Small, single-stranded, covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rod-like structures; they do not possess capsids They range in size from 246 to 375 nucleotides in length. The extracellular form of the viroid is naked RNA—there is no capsid of any kind The RNA molecule contains no protein-encoding genes, and the viroid is therefore totally dependent on host functions for its replication The RNAs of viroids have been shown to contain inverted repeated base sequences at their 3' and 5' ends, a characteristic of transposable elements and retroviruses. Thus, it is likely that they have evolved from transposable elements or retroviruses by the deletion of internal sequences Dr.T.V.Rao MD

32. Scientific era of Antibiotics 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic. He observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus. 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced. Dr.T.V.Rao MD

33. Discovery of Antibiotics • Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Sir Alexander Fleming Ernst Boris Chain Sir Howard Walter Florey Dr.T.V.Rao MD

34. Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics • Penicillin • Mold • Pencillium notatum • 1928 Alexander Fleming Dr.T.V.Rao MD

35. Modern Developments • Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. • Mycology is the study of fungi. • Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms. • Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organism’s genes, have provided new tools for classifying microorganisms. Dr.T.V.Rao MD

36. Microbes and Human Disease • Normal micro biota prevent growth of pathogens. • Normal micro biota produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K. • Resistance is the ability of the body to ward off disease. • Resistance factors include skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals. Dr.T.V.Rao MD

37. Bacteria - what comes to mind? • Diseases • Infections • Epidemics • Food Spoilage • Only 1% of all known bacteria cause human diseases • About 4% of all known bacteria cause plant diseases • 95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens Dr.T.V.Rao MD

38. Staphylococcus aureus • Staphylococcus epidermidis • Streptococcus pneumonia • Vibrio cholera • Rhodospirillium rubrum • Bacillus subtilis • Micrococcus luteus • Escherichia coli • Bacillus anthrasis • Salmonella enteridis • Streptococcus pyogenes • Steptococcus lactis • Streptococcus faecalis • Erlichia canis • Campylobacter jujuni • Helicobacter pylori • Enterobacter aerogenes Dr.T.V.Rao MD

39. Microbes Benefit Humans 1.Bacteria are primary decomposers - recycle nutrients back into the environment (sewage treatment plants) 2. Microbes produce various food products • cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, green olives • yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread • Beer, Wine, Alcohol Dr.T.V.Rao MD

40. Microbes are also capable of causing many diseases Pneumonia Whooping Cough Botulism Typhoid Fever Measles Cholera Scarlet Fever Mumps Syphilis Gonorrhea Herpes 1 Chlamydia Tuberculosis Herpes 2 Meningitis Tetanus RMSV Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS Black Plague Diarrhea Gangrene Dr.T.V.Rao MD

41. Parasitology • Parasitology is the study of parasites .and their interactions with their hosts. The science of parasitology has a long history and has its roots in zoology, with its emphasis on the identification and classification of parasites and of life cycles, Dr.T.V.Rao MD

42. What Are Fungi • Considerable variation in size. • Internal Molecular system • Well defined cell wall composed of polysaccharides • Gaining importance in Immunosupressed patients and increased use of Antibiotics Dr.T.V.Rao MD

43. Zoonotic Diseases Dr.T.V.Rao MD

44. How Humans Respond to InfectionsStudy of Immunology • In spite of Infection we survive with our ability to protect with a system inherent in our Body • Called the Immune response comprises the Medical Immunology Dr.T.V.Rao MD

45. Why we should Medical Microbiology • We study the Microbes which infects and causes Diseases • We study their Diagnosis Prevention Treatment Dr.T.V.Rao MD

46. Modern Developments in Microbiology • Immunology is the study of immunity. Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure viral diseases. • The use of immunology to identify some bacteria according to serotypes (variants within a species) was proposed by Rebecca Lancefield in 1933. Dr.T.V.Rao MD

47. Must learn • Natural History of the Disease • Etiology • Pathogenesis • Laboratory Diagnosis • Treatment and Control and Prevention Dr.T.V.Rao MD

48. We must be familiar with Knowledge On …. • Names of the Microbes • Names of the diseases • Mode of transmission • Pathogenic Microbes • Commensal Organisms • Identify wether Bacteria, Virus, Parasite or Fungi • Treating and Preventing Dr.T.V.Rao MD

49. The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy • Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy. • Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics. • Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes. • Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria. • 1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis. • 1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized. Dr.T.V.Rao MD

50. Commonly Used Antibiotics • Penicillin • Cephalosporins, • Tetracycline's • Quinolones • Vancomycin • Chloramphenicol • Drugs for Tuberculosis eg Streptomycin Dr.T.V.Rao MD