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Original litter. Cross-fostered litter. Pup 1. Pup 1. Pup 2. Pup 6. Mother 1. Pup 3. Pup 3. Pup 4. Pup 8. Pup 5. Pup 5. Pup 6. Pup 2. Mother 2. Pup 7. Pup 7. Pup 8. Pup 4. 13.1. Phase 1: Demonstrator. Phase 2: Training. Choice Test: Observer. A. A. B.
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Original litter Cross-fostered litter Pup 1 Pup 1 Pup 2 Pup 6 Mother 1 Pup 3 Pup 3 Pup 4 Pup 8 Pup 5 Pup 5 Pup 6 Pup 2 Mother 2 Pup 7 Pup 7 Pup 8 Pup 4 13.1
Phase 1: Demonstrator Phase 2: Training Choice Test: Observer A A B Demonstrator eats food marked with flavor A Observer interacts with demonstrator Observer prefers flavor A over flavor B 13.2
Trial 3 Trial 2 Trial 1 • Morpholine + alarm substance: • swimming to bottom • Morpholine alone: • experienced and naïve fish • swim to bottom • Morpholine alone: • no response 13.3
(a) (b) 13.8
(a) Microsatellite exon I intron exon II (d) (b) (c) Short (e) (f) (g) Long 13.9
Female Male 13.10
13.11 (a) (b) (d) (c) (e)
Physical Attractiveness Most Normal weight Overweight Underweight Least 13.12
(a) (b) 13.13
Subsocial Stage Eusocial Stage (a) Fission along kinship lines (b) Group + kin selection (c) Group selection Kin selection Group selection 13.15