8.4-8.10 Big Idea

1. 8.4-8.10 Big Idea • What compromises emerge from the Constitution Convention?

2. Study Skills • Study 5-10 minutes a night • Know Vocabulary • Understand Organization • Create Flashcards • Drill and Practice facts • Know the test giver • Know your strengths and weaknesses • Read aloud/Reread/Write down • Write test questions • Teach someone else • Complete chapter review • Create a chart or graph

3. Vocabulary Terms • popular sovereignty • federalism • legislative • executive • judicial branch • checks and balances • Constitution Convention • James Madison • Virginia Plan • William Patterson • New Jersey Plan • Great Compromise • Three-Fifths Compromise

4. Ch8 Section 4Opening the Constitution Convention Objective - Explain why delegates met at the Constitutional Convention.

5. IV. Opening the Constitutional Convention • The Meeting • Constitutional Convention held at Philadelphia’s State House in May 1787. • Called to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation • George Washington was elected president of the convention • The Delegates • Every state but Rhode Island sent delegates, for a total of 55 • Did not include John Adams or Thomas Jefferson who were representing the U.S. in Britain and France. • Also not in attendance were Sam Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry.

6. IV. Opening the Constitutional Convention • The Father of the Constitution • The most prepared delegate was James Madison, who took good notes and joined in many discussions. • The Rule of Secrecy • Delegates needed to be able speak their minds without fear. • All windows, and doors were closed and guarded • Shared Beliefs and Clashing Views • Committed to Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness. • Believed in a republic, constitution, suffrage, and more powerful government.

7. Important Questions Why was the Constitutional Convention held? • To discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation..

8. Homework Quiz • How many states and delegates were represented at the Constitutional Convention? • What was the purpose of the Constitutional Convention? • Where was the Constitutional Convention held? (city, state, building) • Who was the most influential delegate? • Name two famous men who were at the Constitutional Convention and two men that were not.

9. 8.5 Issue: How Should States Be Represented in the New Government Objective - Examine the main issues debated and compromises that were reached at the Constitutional Convention.

10. V. 8.5 Issue: How Should States Be Represented in the New Government • Several issues divided delegates, particularly along state and regional lines. • The Virginia Plan • The Virginia Plan, or large state plan, was written mainly by James Madison. • Called for new constitution that gave supreme power to central government. • Created Federalism- Dividing power between the states and central government. • Created three branches, Executive, Legislative, Judicial. • Including bicameral (2 House) legislature in which representation was based on state population. • Opposed by small states, because larger states would have more representatives

11. V. 8.5 Issue: How Should States Be Represented in the New Government • New Jersey Plan was offered by New Jersey delegate William Paterson • Called for new constitution that gave supreme power to central government. • Created Federalism- Dividing power between the states and central government. • Created three branches, Executive, Legislative, Judicial. • Created a unicameral (1House) legislature, with each state receiving equal representation • Opposed by larger states, because smaller states would have more influence

12. VI. 8.6 Resolution: The Great Compromise • Tempers Rise • The smaller states did not trust the larger states. • They threatened to ally with a foreign nation • A Compromised Is Reached • The Great Compromise was offered by Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman • Delegates eventually passed what had become known as the Great Compromise. • Created Federalism- Dividing power between the states and central government. • Created three branches, Executive, Legislative, Judicial. • Created a bicameral (2 houses)legislature, in which each state received equal representation in the upper house (Senate) and population-based representation in the lower house (House of Representatives).

13. Homework Quiz • What plan called for the legislative branch to be based on population? • What was the compromise called that settled the dispute between large states and small states? • Who presented the New Jersey Plan? • How many houses did the Virginia Plan purpose? • How many houses in the legislative branch did the compromise include and how would representation be determined? • name of house- how many representatives

14. VII. Issue: How Should Slaves be Counted • People or Property? • Southern delegates wanted slaves to be counted like everyone else for purposes of representation. • Northern delegates thought slaves were property and should not be counted to determine representation but should be counted to determine taxes. • Northern also stated that if they are to be counted as people “then make them citizens and let them vote.” • Under so-called Three-Fifths Compromise, each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for purposes of representation. • New Thinking on Slavery • Many Northern states began thinking slavery was wrong because of the principles of the Declaration of Independence and many states passed laws ending slavery. • Although many southern were unebasyabout slavery they would not abolish it because their economy depended on it.

16. VIII. Resolution: The Three-Fifths Compromise • Three-Fifths Compromise • After much debate Madison proposed a compromise. • Under so-called Three-Fifths Compromise, each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for purposes of representation in the House of Representation. • Another Slavery Issue • Northern wanted congress to control trade between states and other countries. • Southern worried that congress would taxes southern exports like rice, tobacco and use that power to outlaw the slave trade. • Southern and northern delegates disagreed over ending the foreign slave trade. • More Compromises on Slavery. • Under another compromise, • Congress could control trade but could not tax exports. • northern delegates would wait 20 years before attempting to end foreign slave trade; southern delegates would not ask that laws in Congress require a two-thirds majority vote to pass. • They agreed to fugitive slave clause

17. Important Questions How did the delegates resolve disagreements over slavery and representation? Each slave would count as three fifths of a person for purposes of representation. Congress would make no laws about Slave Trade for 20 years.

18. Homework Quiz • How did delegates from Pennsylvania want to count slaves? • How did delegates from Virginia want to count slaves? • What did the two sides agree to do about the slave trade? • What is the Three-Fifths Compromise about? (Slavery?) • If the Great Compromise was between large and small states, who was the Three Fifths Compromise between?

19. IX. Issue: How Should the Chief Executive Be Elected • Who should head the Executive Branch? • James Wilson wanted a single person like a King. • Others were not happy with that idea • One Executive or Three? • Some delegates want one executive to make “clear, timely and responsible” decision • Others, like Edmund Randolph, wanted three to keep one from abusing power. • Choosing the Chief Executive • Some delegates wanted Congress to appoint the President • Some wanted the people to appoint the President • Others wanted a chosen special group called electors to do it.

20. X. Resolution: The Electoral College • No Vote For Congress and People. • Delegates agreed on one Executive. • Could not break a tie for People or Congress to elect • Finally agreed on Electoral College. • The Electoral System • Electoral college is a group of electors who cast their vote to elect President/Vice president every four years • Electoral number is House Representatives plus Senators. • States use to choose the Electors but now the people do. • Political Parties and Elections • Delegates could not predict the advances in communication or the rise of political parties • A candidate can win the popular vote but lose the Electoral vote