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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS JAPAN PART 3: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS JAPAN PART 3: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA . NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE JAPAN’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK. EARTHQUAKES. GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE. TYPHOONS. FLOODS.

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS JAPAN PART 3: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

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  1. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS JAPANPART 3: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

  2. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE JAPAN’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK EARTHQUAKES GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE TYPHOONS FLOODS ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE LANDSLIDES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

  3. REGIONAL MAP

  4. 542 OF THE 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES ARE LOCATED IN “RING OF FIRE”

  5. Japan lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a narrow zone around the Pacific Ocean where most of Earth's earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

  6. VOLCANOES VOLCANOES ERUPT EVERY YEAR IN JAPAN AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS OF THE PACIFIC, PHILIPPINE, EURASIAN, AND NORTH AMERICAN PLATES

  7. JAPAN’S VOLCANO FACTS • Of the 1,500 active volcanoes in the world, Japan has 108 of them.

  8. JAPAN’S VOLCANO FACTS • Japan experiences an average of 10 volcanic eruptions per year.

  9. CAUSES OF RISK LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ASH VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LAVA FLOWS CASE HISTORIES LAHARS TOXIC GASES

  10. VOLCANO HAZARDS • PEOPLE & BLDGS. • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EARLY WARNING • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and • RECONSTRUCTION VOLCANO RISK POLICY OPTIONS ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE JAPAN’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

  11. VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS • VERTICAL PLUME (can affect jet aircraft) • ASH AND TEPHRA • LATERAL BLAST • PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS, BURSTS, AND FLOWS

  12. VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS • LAVA FLOWS • LAHARS (can bury villages) • EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) • “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing famine and mass extinctions)

  13. JAPAN’S MOST NOTABLE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS MOUNT UNZEN--MAY 21, 1792

  14. MT. UNZEN • Mt. Unzen’s eruption on May 21, 1792, was one of the worst in Japan’s long history of volcanic eruptions. • Mount Unzen is located near the city of Shimabara in Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu

  15. MT UNZEN: 1792

  16. REMEMBERING THE MAY 21, 1792’S DISASTER • About 1 month after the lava from Mt Unzen’s eruption stopped flowing, a massive landslide on the flank of nearby Mount Mayuyama swept through ancient Shimabara City, entered the sea, and generated a tsunami. • More than 15,000 people were killed by the landslide and tsunami

  17. JAPAN’S VOLCANO FACTS • Mt. Unzen and Mt. Sakurajima are considered to be two of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because of their potential for a violent eruption that would have devastating impacts on the surrounding high-density population centers..

  18. SOME OF JAPAN’S CURRENTLY ACTIVE VOLCANOES • Mount MeakanMount UsuMount AsamaTorishimaSakurajimaSuwanosejimaOyama

  19. SHINMOEDAKE ERUPTS IN JAPANeruptionbegan at 7:30 AM Although called a minor eruption, it was the largest eruption since 1959 JANUARY 26-31, 2011

  20. SHINMOEDAKE; JANUARY 26-31, 2011

  21. JAPAN HAS 104 ACTIVE VOLCANOES The 1,421-m (4,662-ft)Mount Shinmoedake is a part of the Kirishimavolcano complex comprised of 20 active volcanoes

  22. Mount Shinmoedake is located on the border of the Miyazaki and Kagoshima prefectures

  23. In the previous four months, Miyazaki prefecture had also suffered from an epidemic of the H5N1 bird flu, and a foot-and-mouth epidemic that was expected to cause ~ $ 2 billion in economic losses for the local livestock industry.

  24. The inflation of the Shinmoedake volcano that eventually culminated in an eruption had been underway since December 2009

  25. May 10, 2010 to January 26, 2011: ~6 million m3 (0.006 km3) of magma in a reservoir at 6 km depth ~10 km west-nw from Shinmoedake and another 1 million m3 (0.001 km3) of magma at 3 km depth under the Shinmoedake cone itself.

  26. The eruption produced lava fountains, andesitic lava flows, lightning, and ash emissions that reached a height of nearly 5 miles (7.5 km)

  27. ERUPTION OF SHINMOEDAKE

  28. IMPACTS

  29. Approximately 13,000 hectares of farm land were damaged by the falling ash deposits.

  30. Flights in the region were canceled and 1,100 people in the vicinity were evacuated to gymnasiums and other facilities in the town of Takaharu, seven miles east of Kirishima.

  31. ERUPTION VIEWED FROM TAKAHARU

  32. RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • EXPOSURE • EVENT • COST • BENEFIT VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS EXPECTED LOSS POLICY ADOPTION • CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT TOWARDS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR VOLCANOES

  33. THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE: 1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,2) BE PREPARED3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM 4) EVACUATE5) LEARN FROM THE EXPERIENCE AND START OVER

  34. MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES AND WARNING SYSTEMS ARE A VITAL PART OF SURVIVAL.

  35. AIR AND LAND MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES ARE VITAL .

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