The Reformation Movement: Henry VIII and the Anglican Church vs. the Catholic Church

1. Henry VIII and the Anglican Church & the Catholic Church Presentation created by Robert Martinez Primary Content Source: Prentice Hall World History Images as cited. news.bbc.co.uk

2. As the Reformation movement grew, hundreds of new Protestant sects sprang up. These sects had ideas that were even more radical than those of Luther and Calvin. A number of groups rejected infant baptism. fisheaters.com

3. Infants, they argued, are too young to understand what it means to accept the Christian faith. Only adults should receive the sacrament of baptism. They became known as Anabaptists. staffordsgreenhouse.blogspot.com

4. While some Anabaptists called for violent protest, most were peaceful. They called for religious toleration and separation of church and state. Today, the Baptists, Quakers, Mennonites, and Amish all trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists. laboringinthelord.com

5. By the 1520s, some English clergy were toying with Protestant ideas. The break with the Catholic Church was the result of King Henry VIII, religious leaders. For political reasons, Henry wanted to end papal control over the English church.

6. Henry VIII wrote love songs, played tennis, and married six times. He was also ruthless to his enemies. He had dozens of people beheaded, including his second and fifth wives. Chatsworth.jpg

7. At first, Henry VIII stood firmly against the Protestant revolt. The pope even awarded him the title “Defender of the Faith” for a pamphlet that he wrote denouncing Luther. essexvoicespast.com

8. In 1527, an issue arose that set Henry VIII at odds with the Church. After 18 years of marriage, Henry and his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon, had one surviving child, Mary Tudor. Henry felt that England’s stability depended on his having a male heir. He wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, hoping that she would bear him a son. flickriver.com

9. Because Catholic law does not permit divorce, he asked the pope to annul, or cancel, his marriage. Popes had annulled royal marriages before. But the current pope refused. He did not want to offend the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, Catherine’s nephew.

10. Henry VIII was furious. Spurred on by his advisors, many of whom leaned toward Protestant teachings, he decided to take over the English church. Acting through Parliament, he had a series of laws passed. They took the English church from the pope’s control and placed it under Henry’s rule. fromoldbooks.org

11. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England.” Many loyal Catholics refused to accept the Act of Supremacy and were executed for treason. Among them was Sir Thomas More, the great English humanist. stjohnscathedral.ca edward-t-babinski.blogspot.com

12. Thomas More was later canonized, or recognized as a saint, by the Catholic Church. theanneboleynfiles.com

13. At the same time, Henry VIII appointed Thomas Cranmer archbishop. Cranmer annulled the king’s marriage. Henry then wed Anne Boleyn, who bore him a second daughter, Elizabeth. In the years ahead, Henry married for more times but had only one son, Edward. en.wikipedia.org

14. Between 1536 and 1540, royal officials investigated English convents and monasteries. Claiming that they were centers of immorality, Henry VIII ordered them closed. libraryireland.com

15. Henry VIII confiscated, or seized, church lands and wealth. Henry shrewdly granted some of these lands to nobles and other high-ranking citizens. He thus secured their support for the Anglican Church, as the new Church of England was called. thebidefordpost.co.uk

16. Despite these actions, Henry VIII was not a religious radical. He rejected most protestant doctrines. Aside from breaking away from Rome and allowing use of the English Bible, he kept most Catholic forms of worship. bl.uk

17. When Henry XIII died in 1547, his 10 year-old son, Edward VI, inherited the throne. The young king’s advisers were devout Protestants. Under Edward, Parliament passed new laws that brought the Protestant reforms to England. Thomas Cranmer drew up the Book of Common Prayer. tumblr.com

18. The Book of Common Prayer imposed a moderate form of Protestant service, while keeping many Catholic doctrines. Even so, the changes sparked uprisings that were harshly suppressed. thegoodheart.blogspot.com

19. When Edward died in his teens, his half-sister, Mary Tudor, became queen. She was determined to return England to the Catholic faith. Under Queen Mary, hundreds of English Protestants were burned at the stake. tudorhistory.org

20. On Mary’s death in 1558, the throne passed to Elizabeth. As queen, Elizabeth had to determine the future of the Church of England. Moving cautiously at first, she slowly enforced a series of reforms that later were called the Elizabethan settlement. gac.culture.gov.uk

21. The queen’s policies were a compromise, or acceptable middle ground, between Protestant and Catholic practices. The Church of England preserved much Catholic ceremony and ritual. It kept the hierarchy of bishops and archbishops, but the queen reaffirmed that the monarch was the head of the Anglican Church. ehow.com

22. At the same time, Elizabeth restored a version of the Book of Common Prayer, accepted moderate Protestant doctrine, and allowed English to replace Latin in church services. picornot.com

23. During a long reign, Elizabeth used all her skills to restore unity to England. Even while keeping many Catholic traditions, she made England a firmly Protestant nation. After her death, England faced new religious storms. But it escaped the endless religious wars that tore apart France and many other European states during the 1500s. shakespearesolved.blogspot.com

24. As the Protestant Reformation swept across northern Europe, a reform movement took hold within the Catholic Church. The leader of this movement, known as the Catholic Reformation, was Pope Paul III. During the 1530s and 1540s, he set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide. roy25booth.blogspot.com

25. To end corruption within the papacy itself, he appointed reformers to key posts. They and their successors guided the Catholic Reformation for the rest of the century. en.wikipedia.org

26. To guide reform, the pope called the Council of Trent in 1545. The council reaffirmed traditional Catholic views, which Protestants had challenged. Salvation comes through faith and good works, it declared. The Bible, while a major source of religious truth, is not the only source. en.wikipedia.org

27. The Council of Trent took steps to end abuses in the Church. It provided stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption among the clergy. It also established schools to create a better-educated clergy who could challenge Protestant teachings. acroamaticus.blogspot.com

28. To deal with the Protestant threat more directly, Pope Paul strengthened the Inquisition. The Inquisition was a Church court set up during the Middle Ages. The Inquisition used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy. traditioninaction.org

29. The Inquisition prepared the Index of Forbidden Books, a list of works considered too immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read. It included books by Luther and Calvin. beaconforfreedom.org

30. In 1540, the pope recognized a new religious order, the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, the Jesuit order was determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith. en.wikipedia.org

31. Ignatius was a Spanish knight raised in the crusading tradition. After his leg was shattered in battle, he found comfort reading about saints who had overcome mental and physical torture. en.wikipedia.org

32. Vowing to become a “soldier of God,” Ignatius drew up a strict program for the Jesuits. It included spiritual and moral discipline, rigorous religious training, and absolute obedience to the Church. discerninghearts.com

33. Led by Ignatius, the Jesuits embarked on a crusade to defend and spread the Catholic faith throughout the world. faculty.fairfield.edu

34. To further the Catholic cause, Jesuits became advisers to Catholic rulers, helping them combat heresy in their lands. They set up schools that taught humanist and Catholic beliefs and enforced discipline and obedience. xtimeline.com

35. Daring Jesuits slipped into Protestant lands in disguise to minister to the spiritual needs of Catholics. Jesuit missionaries spread their Catholic faith to distant lands, including Asia, Africa, and the Americas. jesuits.ca

36. Teresa of Avila symbolized the renewed feelings of intense faith of the Catholic Reformation. Born into a wealthy Spanish family, Teresa entered a convent in her youth. Finding convent routine not strict enough, she set up her own order of nuns. They lived in isolation, eating and sleeping very little and dedicating themselves to prayer and meditation. turnbacktogod.com

37. Impressed by her spiritual life, her superiors in the Church asked Teresa to reorganize and reform convents and monasteries throughout Spain. Teresa was widely honored for her work, and after her death the Church canonized her. universalfellowshipoflight.com

38. By 1600, Rome was a far more devout city than it had been 100 years earlier. Across Catholic Europe, piety and charity flourished. The reforms did slow the Protestant tide and even returned some areas to the Catholic Church. Still, Europe remained divided into a Catholic south and a Protestant north. totallyhistory.com

39. During this period of heightened religious passion, persecution was widespread. Both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance. Catholic mobs attacked and killed Protestants. Protestants killed Catholic priests and wrecked Catholic churches. theromanroad.wordpress.com

40. Almost certainly, the religious fervor of the times contributed to a wave of witch hunting. Those accused of being witches, or agents of the devil, were usually women, although some men face similar attacks. Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of women and men dies as victims of witch hunts. getting2themythofit.blogspot.com

41. At the time, most people believed in magic and spirits. They saw a close link between magic and heresy. In addition, during times of trouble, people often look for scapegoats on whom they can blame their problems. bibliotecapleyades.net

42. People accused of witchcraft were often social outcasts – beggars, poor widows, midwives blamed for infant deaths, or herbalists whose potions were seen as gifts from the devil. dancutlermedicalart.com

43. Most victims of the witch hunts died in the German states, Switzerland, and France, all centers of religious conflict. When the wars of religion came to an end, the persecution of witches also declined. squidoo.com

44. The Reformation brought hard times to Europe’s Jews. For many Jews in Italy, the early Renaissance had been a time of relative prosperity. Unlike Spain, which had expelled its Jews in 1492, Italy allowed Jews to remain. dnaconsultants.com

45. Still, pressure remained strong on Jews to convert. By 1516, Venice ordered Jews to live in a separate quarter of the city, which became known as a ghetto. Other Italian cities also forced Jews into walled ghettos. geschichteinchronologie.ch

46. During the Reformation, restrictions of Jews increased. At first, Luther hoped that Jews would be converted to his teachings. However, when they did not convert, he called for them to be expelled from Christian lands and for their synagogues and books to be burned. cantuar.blogspot.com

47. In time, some German princes did expel Jews. Others confined Jews to ghettos, requiring them to wear a yellow badge if they traveled outside. petersprogress.com

48. In the 1550s, Pope Paul IV placed additional restrictions on Jews. Even Emperor Charles V, who supported toleration of Jews in the Holy Roman Empire, banned them from Spanish colonies in the Americas. encore-editions.com

49. After 1550, many Jews migrated to Poland-Lithuania and to parts of the Ottoman empire, where they were permitted to prosper. Dutch Calvinists allowed Jewish families who were driven out of Portugal and Spain to settle in the Netherlands. thejetpacker.com

50. The conflicts of the Catholic and Protestant reformations sparked wars of religion in Europe until the mid-1600s. Issues of religion gave would give way to issues of nationalist competition, warfare, exploration, and colonization. onthisdeity.com