Even in a border free Europe, everyone wants a homeland! NATIONALISM!!!

1. Even in a border free Europe, everyone wants a homeland! NATIONALISM!!!

2. Examine how a force or movement in an historical setting influenced peoples lives, in an essay. In this Achievement Standard you will: Describe the CAUSES and CONSEQUENCES of an event which relates to an historical force. Describe the INFLUENCE of the force on ordinary people’s lives. STRUCTURE your essay so that it includes an introduction, main body and conclusion.

3. “Describe the background and outcomes of an event that affected the lives of ordinary people. How did an historical force or movement related to this event have an influence on ordinary people’s lives at this time?”

5. CAUSES of the event: Increasing tensions between AH and Serbia as a result of AH’s fears over the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, her difficulties in maintaining her polyglot empire and Serbia’s increasing leadership and power in the Balkans e.g. Balkan Wars. The Balkans were the “powder-keg” of Europe. The Black Hand terrorists were motivated by a desire to make Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia part of a greater Serbia, which was unlikely to happen under Franz as he was not sympathetic to Slavic demands for independence from AH.

6. CAUSES of the event: Increasing tensions between AH and Serbia as a result of AH’s fears over the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, her difficulties in maintaining her polyglot empire and Serbia’s increasing leadership and power in the Balkans e.g. Balkan Wars. The Balkans were the “power-keg” of Europe. The Black Hand terrorists were motivated by a desire to make Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia part of a greater Serbia, which was unlikely to happen under Franz as he was not sympathetic to Slavic demands for independence from AH. CONSEQUENCES of the event: Germany supported AH with the Blank Cheque. As a result AH issued the Ultimatum to Serbia. AH declared war on Serbia despite the fact that she met most of the terms of the Ultimatum. Germany declared war against Russia and France and, using the Schlieffen Plan, marched through Belgium. Europe was pulled into war as a result of the Alliance System, which ironically had been intended to prevent just such a war. Britain declared war in order to defend Belgium.

7. INFLUENCE of the event on ORDINARY people: Nationalism affected people in the Balkans, particularly Serbia, because many were tired of being ruled by foreign powers and wanted independence and autonomy over their own home lands. Perhaps the best evidence of this nationalism displayed by ordinary people is the assassins themselves, who were trainee teachers. There was a nationalistic desire amongst ordinary people to create a Slavic state. Pan-Slavism, which aimed to unite all ordinary Slavic people under Russia’s leadership, was a direct threat to AH and was therefore a cause of WWI. Nationalism and militarism had an impact on ordinary people, for example in Britain, where ordinary people saw their national identity as being tied up with their superior naval power. Nationalism and imperialism had an impact on ordinary people, for example in Britain, France and Germany, because ordinary people desired and pursued the acquisition of foreign territories. Nationalism and the glorification of war had an impact on ordinary people because the Yellow Press in Britain, for example, affected people’s opinions. Nationalism as a cause of WWI affected ordinary people because 40 million people lost their lives in the conflict; the Great War caused great hardship for communities. WWI can also be seen as one of the causes of WWII and all the associated events, for example the Holocaust.

8. INTRODUCTION (Refer to essay question. Outline argument – Causes, Consequences, Influence. What are the main arguments here?) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28th June 1914 was the spark which finally started WWI. The long term causes of the assassination were decades of simmering Nationalistic tensions in the “powder-keg” of the Balkans, as well as the collapse of once great European Empires. The Nationalistic desire for Slavic independence and autonomy eventually culminated in the actions of the Black Hand terrorist group that day in Sarajevo. The consequences of the assassination were a series of Nationalistic and militaristic moves by the European powers: the Blank Cheque and Ultimatum which fuelled the fire in the Balkans in the aftermath of the Archduke’s death. The Alliance System meant that this local conflict became global, as all the European powers became embroiled in events. The force of Nationalism had a significant impact on ordinary people’s lives because it created a desire for independence, autonomy, empire and expansion of the army. It can be seen in the attitudes of people such as the Black Hand and in the pages of the Yellow Press. Perhaps most importantly, as a cause of WWI, Nationalism caused tremendous hardship and loss of life.

9. MAIN BODY – CAUSES (“because”, “therefore”, “as a result of”. How many analysis words can you spot?) One of the most important causes of the assassination was rising tension in the Balkans “powder-keg” resulting from increasingly Nationalistic desires for independence. Austro-Hungarian fears concerning her ability to successfully administer her polyglot Empire were exacerbated as a result of the deterioration of the Ottoman Empire. Austria-Hungary was particularly threatened by Serbia’s claim to be leader of the Slavic people, and therefore was motivated to take actions such as the 1908 annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. However, perhaps more significant than the Bosnian Crisis in terms of the assassination were the Balkan Wars, because the Young Turks inability to hold onto their territory meant that the Balkan power struggle came to focus even more on Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Despite the ceasefire after the Second Balkan War, simmering tensions remained, highlighted by the fact that, for example, Austria-Hungary was still ruling eight million Serbs.

10. MAIN BODY – CAUSES (“because”, “therefore”, “as a result of”. How many analysis words can you spot?) As a result of this struggle for Nationalistic ideals, a number of terrorist groups were created in the “powder-keg”. From the perspective of the assassination, the most important of these of course was the Black Hand, led by the Serbian Army’s Chief of Intelligence, Dragutin Dimitrejevic. The Black Hand’s motivation for the assassination resulted from the fact that the Archduke was unfavourable towards Slavic Nationalistic demands for independence. It is arguable that the Archduke was therefore an obvious target for the terrorist group when he visited Sarajevo in 1914.

11. MAIN BODY – CONSEQUENCES ((“because”, “therefore”, “as a result of”. Can you write your own analysis?) Germany supported AH with the Blank Cheque. As a result AH issued the Ultimatum to Serbia. AH declared war on Serbia despite the fact that she met most of the terms of the Ultimatum. Germany declared war against Russia and France and, using the Schlieffen Plan, marched through Belgium. Europe was pulled into war as a result of the Alliance System, which ironically had been intended to prevent just such a war. Britain declared war in order to defend Belgium.

12. MAIN BODY – INFLUENCE ((“because”, “therefore”, “as a result of”. Can you write your own analysis?) Nationalism affected people in the Balkans, particularly Serbia, because many were tired of being ruled by foreign powers and wanted independence and autonomy over their own home lands. Perhaps the best evidence of this nationalism displayed by ordinary people is the assassins themselves, who were trainee teachers. There was a nationalistic desire amongst ordinary people to create a Slavic state. Pan-Slavism, which aimed to unite all ordinary Slavic people under Russia’s leadership, was a direct threat to AH and was therefore a cause of WWI. Nationalism and militarism had an impact on ordinary people, for example in Britain, where ordinary people saw their national identity as being tied up with their superior naval power. Nationalism and imperialism had an impact on ordinary people, for example in Britain, France and Germany, because ordinary people desired and pursued the acquisition of foreign territories. Nationalism and the glorification of war had an impact on ordinary people because the Yellow Press in Britain, for example, affected people’s opinions. Nationalism as a cause of WWI affected ordinary people because 40 million people lost their lives in the conflict; the Great War caused great hardship for communities. WWI can also be seen as one of the causes of WWII and all the associated events, for example the Holocaust.

13. CONCLUSION (Refer to essay question. Outline argument – Causes, Consequences, Influence. Can you rewrite the introduction?) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on 28th June 1914 was the spark which finally started WWI. The long term causes of the assassination were decades of simmering Nationalistic tensions in the “powder-keg” of the Balkans, as well as the collapse of once great European Empires. The Nationalistic desire for Slavic independence and autonomy eventually culminated in the actions of the Black Hand terrorist group that day in Sarajevo. The consequences of the assassination were a series of Nationalistic and militaristic moves by the European powers: the Blank Cheque and Ultimatum which fuelled the fire in the Balkans in the aftermath of the Archduke’s death. The Alliance System meant that this local conflict became global, as all the European powers became embroiled in events. The force of Nationalism had a significant impact on ordinary people’s lives because it created a desire for independence, autonomy, empire and expansion of the army. It can be seen in the attitudes of people such as the Black Hand and in the pages of the Yellow Press. Perhaps most importantly, as a cause of WWI, Nationalism caused tremendous hardship and loss of life.