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Basic Vocabulary. Carcinogen - a chemical that is know to cause cancer Emphysema - a condition in which the air sacks (alveoli) lose most of their ability to function
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Basic Vocabulary • Carcinogen- a chemical that is know to cause cancer • Emphysema- a condition in which the air sacks (alveoli) lose most of their ability to function • Leukoplakia- thickened, white, leathery-appearing spots on the inside of a smokeless tobacco users mouth that can lead to cancer • Secondhand smoke- is exhaled smoke and sidestream smoke • Sidestream smoke- smoke that enters the air from a burning cigarette, pipe, or cigar • Mainstream smoke- smoke inhaled into the smoker’s mouth and lungs
Tobacco- Facts CDC Sept.- 2010 Overall Mortality • Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Cigarette smoking causes an estimated 443,000 deaths, or about 1 of every 5 deaths, each year. This estimate includes approximately 49,400 deaths from secondhand smoke exposure. • Cigarette smoking kills an estimated 269,655men and 173,940women in the United States each year. • More deaths are caused each year by tobacco use than by all deaths from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, suicides, and murders combined. • On average, adults who smoke cigarettes die 14 years earlier than nonsmokers. • Based on current cigarette smoking patterns, an estimated 25 million Americans who are alive today will die prematurely from smoking-related illnesses, including 5 million people younger than 18.
Smokeless Tobacco • The two main types of smokeless tobacco in the United States are chewing tobacco and snuff. • Snuff is finely ground tobacco that can be dry, moist, or in sachets (tea bag-like pouches). Although some forms of snuff can be used by sniffing or inhaling into the nose, most smokeless tobacco users place the product in their cheek or between their gum and cheek and is absorbed into the mucus membrane. • Users then suck on the tobacco and spit out the tobacco juices, which is why smokeless tobacco is often referred to as spit or spitting tobacco. • Smokeless tobacco is a significant health risk and is not a safe substitute for smoking cigarettes. • Smokeless tobacco contains 28 cancer-causing agents (carcinogens). • It increases the risk of developing cancer of the oral cavity. Oral health problems strongly associated with smokeless tobacco use are leukoplakia (a lesion of the soft tissue that consists of a white patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off) and recession of the gums. • Smokeless tobacco use can lead to nicotine addiction and dependence.
Is Nicotine Addictive? Just Ask Debi. • http://stage-tv.ksl.com/index.php?nid=44&sid=58697
Nineteen Year Old Sean Marsee's Tobacco Message • A smokeless tobacco user since age 12, Sean refused to believe his mother's warnings that tobacco was hazardous, smoke or no smoke. • http://whyquit.com/whyquit/SeanMarsee.html
Guren was just thirteen and on a camp-out with friends when one pulled out a can of snuff he'd stolen from his father's dresser drawer. "I thought, 'Why not?'" he said. "I was 13. I had not a care in the world. So I took a dip." "At first it made me kind of sick and real dizzy. Next thing I knew I was addicted." http://www.tobaccofree.org/clips/VideoSeanMarsee.htm Gruen Von Behrens' Missing Jaw
Secondhand Smoke • Secondhand smoke, also known as environmental tobacco smoke, is a complex mixture of gases and particles that includes smoke from the burning cigarette, cigar, or pipe tip (sidestream smoke) and exhaled mainstream smoke. • Secondhand smoke contains at least 250 chemicals known to be toxic, including more than 50 that can cause cancer. • Secondhand smoke exposure causes heart disease and lung cancer in nonsmoking adults. • Nonsmokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke at home or work increase their heart disease risk by 25–30% and their lung cancer risk by 20–30%. • Breathing secondhand smoke has immediate harmful effects on the cardiovascular system that can increase the risk of heart attack. People who already have heart disease are at especially high risk. • Secondhand smoke exposure causes respiratory symptoms in children and slows their lung growth. • Secondhand smoke causes sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), acute respiratory infections, ear problems, and more frequent and severe asthma attacks in children. • There is no risk-free level of secondhand smoke exposure. Even brief exposure can be dangerous.
Smoking Damages Nearly EVERY Organ in the Human Body LATEST FINDINGS The major findings of the Surgeon General’s 2010 report are Smoking harms nearly every organ of your body, causing many diseases and reducing your health in general. Quitting smoking has immediate as well as long-term benefits, reducing risks for diseases caused by smoking and improving your health in general. Smoking cigarettes with lower tar and nicotine provides no clear benefit to health. The list of diseases caused by smoking has been expanded to include abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukemia, cataract, cervical cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, pneumonia, periodontitis, and stomach cancer.
Smoking and the Brain • The brain is your body’s center for mood and conscious thought. • It controls most of your voluntary movements and makes thinking and feeling possible. • It also regulates unconscious body processes, such as digestion and breathing. • Arteries leading from the heart and lungs carry oxygen and other chemicals to the brain. • Smoking a cigarette sends chemicals to the brain, changing its chemistry, and affecting a smoker’s mood. Nicotine reaches the brain ten seconds after smoke is inhaled. • Smoking is a major cause of strokes • A stroke occurs when blood flow to an area of your brain is cut off. Blockage or breakage of blood vessels or arteries causes a stroke. Without blood supply, brain cells start to die, leading to loss of function in that part of your brain. A serious stroke can lead to permanent damage, including memory loss, loss of speech, paralysis or even death. • Strokes are the third leading cause of death in the United States. About 600,000 strokes occur in the United States each year, and about 30% of those strokes cause death.
The image on the upper left shows a dark area of dead tissue from a stroke. On the lower right is healthy brain tissue. A stroke occurs when blood flow to an area of your brain is cut off. Blockage or breakage of blood vessels or arteries causes a stroke. Without blood supply, brain cells start to die, leading to loss of function in that part of your brain. A serious stroke can lead to permanent damage, including memory loss, loss of speech, paralysis or even death.
Smoking and the Effects on the Eyes • The eyes work like cameras. Each eye has a lens. Light is focused by these lenses and projected onto a delicate membrane lining on the inner eye (retina). • The retina is a collection of light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye. The light that hits these cells is changed into nerve impulses and sent to the brain where it is interpreted so people can see. • If you smoke, you have a two to three times greater risk of developing cataracts than a nonsmoker. Cataracts are a leading cause of blindness worldwide. • A cataract causes the eye’s lens to turn white (opaque). Dead cells around the eyes build up, clouding the lens and making it harder to focus and see clearly. Clouded vision can make it more difficult to read, drive a car, or see friends' faces.
Pictured on the upper left, a cataract causes the eye’s lens to turn white (opaque). Dead cells around the eyes build up, clouding the lens and making it harder to focus and see clearly. Clouded vision can make it more difficult to read, drive a car, or see friends' faces.
THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE LUNGS • Lungs are located in your chest. They move air in and out of your body, taking in oxygen and pushing out carbon dioxide. The oxygen is carried through a complicated network of branching airways (called bronchi), which eventually lead to tiny air sacs (called alveoli). This network of airways looks somewhat like an upside-down tree. • Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. • Compared to nonsmokers, men who smoke are about 23 times more likely to develop lung cancer, and women who smoke are about 13 times more likely to develop lung cancer. Smoking causes about 90% of lung cancer deaths in men and about 80% in women. • In 2010, about 125,522 people died from lung cancer and there were about 171,900 new cases, in the United States. • Smoking low tar-cigarettes does not substantially reduce the risk of lung cancer.
THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE LUNGS • Smoking causes injury to the airways and air sacs of your lungs, which can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema. COPD is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States with more than 100,000 deaths per year. Smoking causes more than 90% of these deaths. • Smokers have more acute lower respiratory illnesses, such as pneumonia or acute bronchitis, than nonsmokers. These are usually diagnosed as infections of the lower respiratory tract (bronchial tubes and lung illnesses). They are caused by viral or bacterial infections. • Smoking is related to asthma among children and adolescents. Asthma is a disease that causes inflammation of the airways, causing them to become constricted, and obstruct airflow in and out of the lungs. There is currently no cure for asthma, which may recur throughout life. • Smoking is related to chronic coughing and wheezing among adults, children, and adolescents. • Smoking during childhood and adolescence retards lung growth. Lung function, which is a measure of how effectively your lungs move air in and out of the body, decreases naturally as you get older, but the decline is faster in smokers. • Smoking during pregnancy causes reduced lung function in infants.
Pictured on the upper left is a lung with cancerous tumours. On the lower right is a healthy lung. Lung cancer occurs when cells in your lungs mutate and grow out of control. As with many cancers, lung cancer can spread to other parts of your body.
THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE MOUTH, THROAT, LARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS • The mouth and throat (also called your pharynx) are the body’s entry points for food and air. The esophagus is a muscular tube that moves food from your mouth into your stomach. The larynx allows the passage of air to and from your lungs. The larynx is sometimes called the voice-box because it is used to create the sounds of speech. • Smokers have more periodontitis or gum disease than nonsmokers. • Smoking causes oral or mouth cancer. • When people smoke pipes or cigars, they are also at increased risk of getting mouth cancer. Reducing the use of cigarettes, pipes, cigars, smokeless tobacco and other tobacco products could prevent most of the estimated 30,200 new cases and 7,800 deaths from oral cavity and pharynx cancers annually in the United States. • Smoking causes throat cancer. • Smoking causes cancer of the larynx. • In 2003, roughly 3,800 deaths occurred from laryngeal cancer, in the United States. • Smoking causes cancer of the esophagus. • Esophageal cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States. Reductions in smoking and in use of smokeless tobacco could prevent many of the approximately 12,300 new cases and 12,000 deaths from esophageal cancer that occur annually in the United States. • Smokers are more likely to have upper respiratory tract infections like colds and sore throats due to viral or bacterial infections. Smoking harms the body’s ability to fight infections.
On the upper left is a picture of severe cancer of the larynx, which has surfaced on his neck and spread to his lymph glands. Cancer of the larnyx occurs when cells mutate and grow out of control. Most laryngeal cancers begin near the vocal cords, causing hoarsenes or other changes in the voice, and possibly spreading to other parts of the body.
Pictured on the upper left are cancerous tumors in the throat. On the lower right is a healthy throat. Throat cancer occurs when cells mutate and grow out of control. As with many cancers, throat cancer can spread to other parts of the body. When it spreads, it usually travels to the lymph nodes in the neck first, but it can also spread to other parts of the body
The picture on the upper left shows serious gum disease called Periondontitis. Spaces develop between the gums and the teeth causing inflammation, loss of bone around the teeth, and progressive infection. If left untreated it can cause teeth to drift apart and fall out. On the lower right is a healthy mouth.
THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE HEART • The heart is a fist-sized muscle that pumps blood around your body, circulating oxygen and nutrients to all your body's organs and tissues. Poisons from cigarettes are also carried everywhere the blood flows. Circulating blood also picks up waste products from the body's cells. The kidneys, liver, and lungs filter out these waste products. • Smoking causes coronary heart disease, which is the leading cause of death in the United States. More than 61 million Americans suffer from some form of cardiovascular disease, including high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, and other conditions. More than 2,600 Americans die every day because of cardiovascular diseases, about 1 death every 33 seconds. Cigarette smoking has been associated with all types of sudden cardiac death in both men and women. • Smoking-caused coronary heart disease may contribute to congestive heart failure. An estimated 4.6 million Americans have congestive heart failure and 43,000 die from it every year. • In 2000, about 1.1 million Americans had heart attacks. Even with treatment, 25% of men and 38% of women die within one year of a heart attack.
THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE HEART • Smoking low-tar nicotine cigarettes rather than regular cigarettes does not reduce your risk of coronary heart disease. • Smoking causes atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries. Poisons in the blood from smoking cigarettes contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Most cases of coronary heart disease, stroke, and artery disease are caused by atherosclerosis. • Smoking causes abdominal aortic aneurysm, a bulge in the wall of the aorta near the stomach. Each year, about 15,000 Americans die of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. It is the 13th leading cause of death in the United States. Aneurysms are four times more common in men than women.
The picture on the upper left shows a damaged heart after a heart attack. The damage happens when blood flow through the coronary artery to the heart is blocked and not enough oxygen can get to the heart muscle. Pictured on the lower tight is a healthy heart.
THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE STOMACH • Your stomach is a muscular sac between the esophagus and small intestine. Walls of the stomach are lined with three layers of powerful muscles that grind food and mix it with gastric juices, liquefying it before passing it into your small intestine. One of these juices, hydrochloric acid, is so strong it can dissolve iron nails. The stomach's delicate tissues are protected from this powerful acid by a thick coating on the stomach lining. • Smoking causes stomach cancer. In 2003, there were an estimated 22,400 new cases of stomach cancer in the United States, and an estimated 12,100 deaths. • Smokers are more likely to have peptic ulcers than nonsmokers.
THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE KIDNEYS • Kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located in the middle of the back, one on each side of the spine just below the rib cage. Kidneys are filters that purify the blood. They remove waste products and water from the blood, creating urine. • Smoking causes kidney cancer. • In 2003, an estimated 31,900 new cases of kidney cancer were diagnosed in the United States, and an estimated 11,900 people died from the disease. It is the tenth leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States.
THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE BLADDER • Your bladder is a muscular, balloon-shaped organ located in your pelvis. It stores urine that your kidneys produce during the process of filtering your blood. Like a balloon, the bladder can get larger or smaller depending on the amount of urine it holds. Urine passes from each kidney to your bladder through a thin tube called a ureter and is eliminated from your body through another narrow tube, the urethra. Like other organs in your body, cancerous cells can sometimes form in the bladder and spread throughout the body. • Smoking causes bladder cancer. • In 2003, an estimated 57,400 new cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in the United States, and an estimated 12,500 people died from the disease.
THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE PANCREAS • Your pancreas is located near the top of your small intestine. It has two very different purposes in your body. First, it helps digestion by releasing enzymes into the small intestine. Second, it regulates glucose levels in the blood. It does this by releasing hormones called insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. • Smoking causes pancreatic cancer. In 2003, an estimated 30,700 new cases of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed in the United States, and 30,000 deaths were attributed to it.
Pictured on the upper left is a close-up image of pancreatic cancer. On the lower right is a picture of a normal pancreas. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most serious and deadly of all cancers. It occurs when cells in your pancreas mutate and grow out of control. As with many cancers, pancreatic cancer can spread to other parts of your body. The life expectancy of a person diagnosed with pancreatic cancer is approximately three months
THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON PREGNANCY • An estimated 6 million women become pregnant each year in the United States, and more than 11,000 give birth every day. Between 12 and 22% of these women will smoke during pregnancy. Smoking has a negative impact on the health of both unborn and newborn children. Only 18 to 25% of women quit smoking once they become pregnant. • Nonsmokers have fewer complications with pregnancy and have healthier babies than smokers. • The cervix is the lower third portion of the uterus. The baby passes through the cervix when it is born. Smoking can cause cervical cancer. Tobacco use increases the risk of pre-cancerous changes as well as cancer of the cervix. • In 2003, an estimated 12,200 new cases of cervical cancer were diagnosed, and an estimated 4,100 women died of cervical cancer. • Smoking can cause infertility in women, making it more difficult to start a family. • Smoking is harmful during every part of the development of the baby, and continues to be harmful after a baby is born. • Smoking can cause babies to be born prematurely, and to have low birth weight, respiratory diseases, and other illnesses. Low birth weight is the leading cause of infant deaths. • Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of placenta previa and placental abruption. • Nicotine in cigarettes may cause the blood vessels to constrict in the umbilical cord and uterus, decreasing the amount of oxygen the unborn baby receives. Nicotine may also reduce the amount of blood in the baby’s bloodstream, which can contribute to low birth weight. • Women who smoke while pregnant have a higher risk of premature rupture of membranes before labor begins. This can lead to premature birth and possibly infant death. • Secondhand smoke may have terrible effects on a newborn baby. Smoking by mothers causes sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Infants exposed to secondhand smoke are at twice the risk of SIDS than unexposed infants. • If a nursing mother smokes, her breast milk may contain nicotine, which may be harmful if a baby drinks it.
Surgeon General’s Warnings • The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965 (Public Law 89–92) required that the warning "Caution: Cigarette Smoking May Be Hazardous to Your Health" be placed in small print on one of the side panels of each cigarette package. The act prohibited additional labeling requirements at the federal, state, or local levels. • In June 1967 the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued its first report to Congress recommending that the warning label be changed to "Warning: Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Health and May Cause Death from Cancer and Other Diseases." • In 1969 Congress passed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act (Public Law 91–222), which prohibited cigarette advertising on television and radio and required that each cigarette package contain the label "Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health." • In 1981 the FTC issued a report to Congress that concluded health warning labels had little effect on public knowledge and attitudes about smoking. As a result of this report, Congress enacted the Comprehensive Smoking Education Act of 1984 (Public Law 98–474), which required four specific health warnings on all cigarette packages and advertisements: • SURGEON GENERAL’S WARNING: Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy. • SURGEON GENERAL’S WARNING: Quitting Smoking Now Greatly Reduces Serious Risks to Your Health. • SURGEON GENERAL’S WARNING: Smoking by Pregnant Women May Result in Fetal Injury, Premature Birth, and Low Birth Weight. • SURGEON GENERAL’S WARNING: Cigarette Smoke Contains Carbon Monoxide.
Surgeon General’s Warnings • By the mid-1980s scientific evidence revealed that smokeless tobacco use causes oral cancer, nicotine addiction, and other health problems. The Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act of 1986 (Public Law 99–252) required three rotating warning labels on smokeless tobacco packaging and advertisements: • WARNING: This product may cause mouth cancer. • WARNING: This product may cause gum disease and tooth loss. • WARNING: This product is not a safe alternative to cigarettes
Cessation • Nicotine is the psychoactive drug in tobacco products that produces dependence. Most smokers are dependent on nicotine, and smokeless tobacco use can also lead to nicotine dependence. Nicotine dependence is the most common form of chemical dependence in the United States. Research suggests that nicotine is as addictive as heroin, cocaine, or alcohol. Examples of nicotine withdrawal symptoms include irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and increased appetite. Quitting tobacco use is difficult and may require multiple attempts, as users often relapse because of withdrawal symptoms. Tobacco dependence is a chronic condition that often requires repeated intervention.
Within 20 minutes after you smoke that last cigarette, your body begins a series of changes that continue for years. • 20 Minutes After Quitting Your heart rate drops. • 12 hours After Quitting Carbon monoxide level in your blood drops to normal. • 2 Weeks to 3 Months After Quitting Your heart attack risk begins to drop. Your lung function begins to improve. • 1 to 9 Months After Quitting Your coughing and shortness of breath decrease. • 1 Year After Quitting Your added risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a smoker’s. • 5 Years After Quitting Your stroke risk is reduced to that of a nonsmoker’s 5-15 years. • 10 Years After Quitting Your lung cancer death rate is about half that of a smoker’s. Your risk of cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas decreases. • 15 Years After Quitting Your risk of coronary heart disease is back to that of a nonsmoker’s.
5 Keys for Quitting • Get ready. • Set a quit date. • Change your environment. • Get rid of ALL cigarettes and ashtrays in your home, car, and place of work. • Don't let people smoke in your home. • Review your past attempts to quit. Think about what worked and what did not. • Once you quit, don't smoke—NOT EVEN A PUFF! • Get support. • Tell your family, friends, and coworkers that you are going to quit and want their support. Ask them not to smoke around you or leave cigarettes out. • Talk to your health care provider (for example, doctor, dentist, nurse, pharmacist, psychologist, or smoking counselor). • Get individual, group, or telephone counseling. The more counseling you have, the better your chances are of quitting. Programs are given at local hospitals and health centers. Call your local health department for information about programs in your area.
5 Keys for Quitting • Learn new skills and behaviors. • Try to distract yourself from urges to smoke. Talk to someone, go for a walk, or get busy with a task. • When you first try to quit, change your routine. Use a different route to work. Drink tea instead of coffee. Eat breakfast in a different place. • Do something to reduce your stress. Take a hot bath, exercise, or read a book. • Plan something enjoyable to do every day. • Get medication and use it correctly. • Medications can help you stop smoking and lessen the urge to smoke. • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved five medications to help you quit smoking: • Bupropion SR—Available by prescription. • Nicotine gum—Available over-the-counter. • Nicotine inhaler—Available by prescription. • Nicotine nasal spray—Available by prescription. • Nicotine patch—Available by prescription and over-the-counter. • Ask your health care provider for advice and carefully read the information on the package. • Be prepared for relapse or difficult situations. Most relapses occur within the first 3 months after quitting. Don't be discouraged if you start smoking again. Remember, most people try several times before they finally quit.
