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Photograph: Richa Sharma

Photograph: Richa Sharma Ocean Production World patterns of primary production Dominant communities of the North Pacific North American coastal communities Gross Primary Production in Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems Smith, S. and Hollibaugh, J., Rev. Geophys., 31, 75, 1993.

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Photograph: Richa Sharma

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  1. Photograph: Richa Sharma

  2. Ocean Production • World patterns of primary production • Dominant communities of the North Pacific • North American coastal communities

  3. Gross Primary Production in Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems Smith, S. and Hollibaugh, J., Rev. Geophys., 31, 75, 1993.

  4. Global Primary Production in Marine Ecosystems Smith, S. and Hollibaugh, J., Rev. Geophys., 31, 75, 1993.

  5. Annual marine primary production in the world’s oceans in relation to the area where production occurs (Longhurst et al. 1995) Most of the ocean area is very unproductive; only a small fraction is highly productive

  6. Depth (km) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Percentage of ocean area The proportion of ocean area by depth. The mean depth of the oceans is 3.7 km and they cover 72% of the globe.(Sunderman 1986) Thus the great majority of the ocean is very deep

  7. Ocean Temperatures

  8. Depth Relationship between depth, phytoplankton photosynthesis and phytoplankton respiration Phytoplankton need light, nutrients and carbon dioxide to grow (nitrates, phosphates and iron can limit primary production). Photosynthesis depends strongly on light, which declines with depth. Above the compensation depth, more carbon is fixed by photosynthesis than is lost in respiration. Below that depth (which can be as deep as 100 m or as shallow as 1-2 m) more carbon is lost than is fixed. Below the critical depth there is insufficient light for phytoplankton. From Sverdrup (1953) Phytoplankton photosynthesis compensation depth Phytoplankton respiration critical depth

  9. Primary production: • Enrichment • Retention • Concentration

  10. Chlorophyll production, September 1998 • Wide band of production in north • Southern blooms just beginning • Notice upwelling along west coasts of continents (Picture courtesy of NASA SEAWIFS program)

  11. phytoplankton zooplankton Arctic Ocean Biomass Tropical Pacific Biomass Temperate North Atlantic Biomass J F M A M J J A S O N D Month Seasonal cycles of primary and secondary production vary among regions Cushing 1975

  12. 0 5 10 15 20 25 Fish and squid production (g/ m sq/ year) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Phytoplankton production (g C/m sq/ yr) Relationship between annual phytoplankton production and the production of carnivorous fishes in open ocean and coastal environments Iverson (1990, in Jennings et al.) NW Atlantic shelf Baltic and nearby seas Open ocean sites

  13. General circulation patterns

  14. North Pacific Ocean current and gyral systems (Dodimead et al. 1963)

  15. Catches along 155oW, July 15-30 1984 Subarctic Ridge Domain • salmonids, salmon shark, spiny dogfish Transition Domain • nail squid, saury, blue shark, albacore, neon flying squid Sub-tropic • tuna, striped marlin, mackerel, dolphin, yellowtail,

  16. Catches of fishes and squids in gill nets along 155oW by Oshoro Maru, 1984 Salmonids Pacific Pomfret Blue Shark, Albacore, Ommastrephes bartrami Tuna, Marlin, Shortbill Spearfish, Mackerel, Dolphin, Yellowtail n = 199 n = 2897 n = 694 n = 3999

  17. Species distribution in relationship to sea surface temperature (Pearcy et al.)

  18. Dominant epipelagic species in the Tropical Province Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) Flying fish Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)

  19. Tropical epipelagic species Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) Striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax) Indo-Pacific sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus)

  20. Dominant epipelagic species in Subtropical Province Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) Dolphin (Coryphaena hippurus) Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)

  21. Dominant epipelagic species in Transition Province of North Pacific Blue shark (Prionace glauca) Pacific mackerel (Scomber japanicus) Albacore (Thunnus alaunga) Pacific pomfret (Brama japonicus) Jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) Saury (Cololabis saira)

  22. Generalized foodweb in the Transition Province of the North Pacific Ocean Myctophids: lanternfish, vertically migrating meso-pelagic species Pteropods and heteropods are planktonic molluscs

  23. Approximate areas of oceanic domains and prevailing current directions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean (Ware and McFarlane 1989)

  24. Ekman flow Water velocity decreases and rotates in direction with increasing depth: The water does not go in the same direction as the wind.

  25. Summer winds tend to come from the north, causing Ekman transport of water offshore along the surface. This brings colder, nutrient-rich water from along the continental slope to replace it. The strength of this upwelling varies from year to year. http://pfeg.noaa.gov

  26. Dominant species of the Coastal Upwelling Domain off the North American west coast Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus) Northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax)

  27. Concentrations of dominant species in the coastal upwelling domain; summer Pacific sardine Pacific hake

  28. Dominant species of the Coastal Downwelling Domain off North American west coast Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

  29. Dominant epipelagic fishes in the Subarctic Province of the North Pacific Ocean Salmon shark, Lamna ditropis Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) Sockeye salmon (O. nerka)

  30. Primary Production for North Pacific Domains(Ware and McFarlane 1989) These regions also differ in the size and species composition, seasonal abundance patterns, and depth distributions of phyto- and zooplankton.

  31. Biomass and potential yield for North Pacific domains *Does not include pomfret, saury, jack mackerel and albacore tuna Ware and McFarlane (1989)

  32. biomass Biomass (g/m2) Production (g/m2/year) 0 1 2 3 production 200-600 600-1000 1-2000 2-3000 3-4000 Abyssal Plain Depth zone Estimates of production and biomass of demersal fishes at different depths in the eastern North Atlantic

  33. Concentrations of dominant species in the coastal upwelling domain; summer Pacific makerel Northern anchovy

  34. Concentration of the dominate species in the Coastal Downwelling domain

  35. Concentration of walleye pollock in the Coastal Downwelling domain

  36. Temperatures at 0, 50, 200 and 600 m depth

  37. Sea Surface Temperature

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