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Chapter 12 Acquiring Korean

Chapter 12 Acquiring Korean . Minjung Kim. Introduction. This chapter describes how typically developing children acquire the sound system of Korean S ound system of standard Korean Chronology of acquisition Speech error patterns. Korean Speakers in the World.

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Chapter 12 Acquiring Korean

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  1. Chapter 12Acquiring Korean Minjung Kim

  2. Introduction • This chapter describes how typically developing children acquire the sound system of Korean • Sound system of standard Korean • Chronology of acquisition • Speech error patterns

  3. Korean Speakers in the World • Official language of North Korea and South Korea • Spoken by approximately 78 million speakers • Sizable populations of Korean speakers in • China • United States • Japan • Former Soviet Union • Considered part of the Altaic language family • Agglutinating • Syntactic structure: Subject-Object-Verb • Lexicon • 35% native words • 60% Sino-Korean words • 5 % loan words

  4. The Sound Patterns of Korean: Vowels Table 12.1 Korean vowels • Diphthongs • Three semivowels or glides (/j, w, ɰ/) are combined with other vowels to create ten diphthongs (/jɛ, jɑ, ju, jʌ, jo, wi, wɛ, wɑ, wʌ, ɰi/) • Phonotactics of Korean suggest that these are true diphthongs rather than glide/vowel sequences

  5. The Sound Patterns of Korean: Consonants Table 12.2. Korean consonants Note: The different laryngeal types have been termed differently in the literature; “tense-aspirated-lax” or “fortis-aspirated-lenis.” In this chapter, the terms “lax-tense-aspirated” are used.

  6. Stops • Three types of Korean word-initial stops can be distinguished by three acoustic-phonetic properties: • VOT • Shortest for tense stops • Intermediate for lax stops • Longest for aspirated stops • fundamental frequency (f0) of the following vowel • Lower following lax stops • voice quality at the onset of the following vowel • Breathy after lax stop • Creaky (pressed) after tense stop

  7. Fricatives • Alveolar fricatives (i.e., /s, s*/) • Lax /s/ • frication followed by aspiration • Longer frication • Tense /s*/ • Frication followed by glottalization at the onset of the following vowel • Shorter frication Remaining consonants /m, n, ŋ, l/ • All consonants except /ŋ/ can occur in word-initial position • Only /p, t, k, m, m, ŋ, l/ can occur in syllable-final position

  8. Word structure • All syllables have a vocalic core with optional C onset and C coda • Onset C can be followed by a glide • (C)(G)V(C) • Only CG clusters occur within the same syllable • C sequences can occur at syllable boundaries • /kɑm-tɕɑ/

  9. Speech Sound Development of Korean Age and Order of Phoneme Acquisition • Compared to studies of English, fewer studies have investigate the development of Korean • General finding: Stops are acquired earlier than other consonants • Study of 150 typically developing Korean children ages 3, 4, and 5 years (Um, 1994) • All three types of stops and affricates were produced by over 90% of children at all three ages • Fricatives were produced correctly by 50% of children age 3 years and 60% of children age 4 and 5

  10. Table 12.3 Developmental patterns of Korean consonants by syllable- initial and syllable- final position (Kim and Pae, 2005)

  11. Study of word-initial obstruents in children ages2;6, 3;0, 3;6, and 4;0 (Kim & Stoel-Gammon, 2010) • Age of emergence: 75% of the children produced at least one correct production of the target phoneme • Age of mastery: 75% (90%) of the children produced the target phoneme correctly at least 75% of the time • All tense stops mastered by 90% of children age 2;6 • Aspirated and lax stops emerged by most children age 3;0 • Lax stops mastered by age 4;0 • Acoustic study of word-initial stops (Kim & Stoel-Gammon, 2009) • Lax stops are phonetically and phonologically complex, which could explain their late acquisition • Slightly aspirated in utterance-initial position but voiced intervocalically • Low f0 of the following vowel (same for lax affricates) • Lax fricatives acquired at age 4;0, before their tense counterparts • Increased articulatory complexity • The /s*/ is produced with longer frication that is often followed by glottalization at the onset of the following vowel.

  12. Vowels • All vowels are acquired by age 3;0 (Um, 1994) • Exception: some of the diphthongs

  13. Phonological Error Patterns • Korean children demonstrate some error patterns predicted by Jakobson’s universal theory • Substitutions of stops for affricates and fricatives • Other error patterns appear to be specific to Korean • Substitutions of tense stops for lax or aspirated stops (tensing) • Velar fronting is less common than in other languages as velar stops are acquired as early as alveolar stops in Korean

  14. Productions of 220 Korean children aged 2;6 to 6;5 to propose a preliminary norm of the phonological error patterns for the Korean-Test of Articulation for Children (K-TAC) (Kim (2006) • Whole-word errors (and age of suppression), e.g., • Reduplication (e.g., /sɑtʰɑŋ/ → [tʰɑŋtʰɑŋ], “candy”) (3;0) • Consonant harmony (e.g., /nɑmu/ → [mamu], “tree”) (3;) • Word-final consonant deletion (e.g., /tɕhɛk/ → [tɕhɛ], “book”) (3;) • Intersyllabiccluster simplification (e.g., /oks*usu/ → [os*usu], “corn”) (4;0) • Segment-change errors and age of suppression, e.g., • Tensing or deaspiration (e.g., /phodo/ → [p*ot*o], “grape”) (3;) • Velar fronting (e.g., /kʌbuki/ → [dʌbudi], “turtle”) (3;0) • Nasalization or stopping of liquid (e.g., /kolɛ/ → [konɛ] or [kodɛ], “whale”) (3;0) • Liquid simplification (e.g., /kolɛ/ → [kojɛ], “whale”) (4;0) • Affrication (e.g., /s*ɑl/ → [tɕ*ɑl], “rice”) (4;0) • Palatalization (e.g., /phodo/ → [phodjo], “grape”) (4;0) • Stopping of fricative or affricate (/tɕɑdoŋtɕhɑ/ → [tɑdoŋthɑ]) (5;0) • Stopping of liquids (3;0) • Interdentalizationof fricative (e.g., /sɑtʰɑŋ/ → [s̪ɑtʰɑŋ])

  15. Error patterns across different laryngeal types in obstruents (Kim & Stoel-Gammon, 2010) • Aspirated stops were produced as either tense or lax stops before age 3;6 • Lax stops were produced as either tense or aspirated stops in younger age groups but only as aspirated stops in 3;6 and 4;0 year-old children • Affricates • Stopping predominant with a tendency to preserve the original laryngeal type • Fricatives • Substitutions of [th]or [tɕh] for /s/ (stopping) were most common • Substitution of [th]for /s/ was more common in younger age groups • Substitution of [tɕh] (i.e., affrication) for /s/ occurred more frequently in older children • The similar developmental pattern was found for the target /s*/ which was replaced by [t*]or [tɕ*]

  16. Connections • Other languages • Chapter 10: French • Chapter 11: Brazilian Portuguese • Common trends across many languages: Chapter 9

  17. Concluding Remarks Korean has an unusual sound system in terms of variations in laryngeal types The three-way word-initial Korean stops and affricates are acquired by the age of 4 The two-way Korean alveolar fricativesare not acquired until after age 6;5 Further research in older children is required to understand the age of acquisition for Korean fricatives With regard to sound errors, both language-universal and language-specific error patterns were present

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