The Civil War: Goals, Strategies, and Realities

1. Chapter 16 Notes The Civil War 1861-1865

2. The Two Sides Goals & Strategies * North & South have many diff. strengths, strategies, & purposes in the Civil War A. The Border States 1) Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, & Kentucky 2) Slavery was legal – not many enslaved though 3) All had ties to the North & the South 4) Managed to keep them all in Union Light Blue States

3. B. Comparing North & South 1) North (Advantages): a) Larger Pop. b) Better Resources 2) South (Advantages) a) Excellent Military Leaders b) Strong fighting spirit & knowledge of land C. War Aims (Objectives) 1)South’s Goal: a) Establish itself as independent nation b) Didn’t have to win - only had to fight long enough for north to decide it wasn’t worth the cost 2) North’s Goal: a) Restore the Union – Lincoln’s main goal (Quote – pg. 476)

4. D. Confederate Strategies 1) Expected help from Britain & France a) Dependent on cotton from the south 2) Waged a defensive war – hold as much territory as possible until north tired of the war E. Union Strategies 1) Plan came from Gen. Winfield Scott – hero of War with Mexico 2) Three Stage Plan: a) Blockade southern ports – no exports or supplies for south b) Gain complete control of Mississippi River - Anaconda Plan c) Capture Richmond, VA – Confederate Capital Americans Against Americans * Soldiers came from every region & both sides expected early victories * Soldiers had many reasons for signing up: a) Patriotism – loyalty for their cause b) Feared being called cowards c) Some just for excitement * Many soldiers were young – many under 18 (even some 14 yr. olds) * No African Americans were allowed at start of the war

5. A. False Hopes 1) North thought their resources would make a fast war 2) South thought their spirit would win out early Neither side was right – lasted four years B. Who Were the Soldiers? 1)1861 – South - 12,000 soldiers (Rebels) 2) North – 187,000 (Yankees) a) 1865 – South – 900,000 b) North - 2.1 million C. Reality of War 1) Both sides suffered terrible loss 2) New rifles led to more death 3) Medical facilities were overwhelmed & not high quality

6. Early Stages of the War War on Land & Sea A. First Battle of Bull Run 1) Near the town of Manassas – at river called Bull Run 2) Residents went to picnic & watch 3) Southerners held back north army with “Stonewall Jackson” leading his troops 4) Outcome shocked the Union a) Showed war would be long & costly 5) Union supporters were discouraged but led Lincoln to call for 1 million troops B. The War in the West 1) Union goal was to control the Mississippi River to cut off supplies from the south 2) Ulysses S. Grant leads Union troops to capture Fort Henry a) Grant becomes nations new hero

7. First Battle of Bull Run

8. Monitor - North C. War of the Ironclads 1) Merrimack – south’s iron sided navy ship 2) Monitor – north’s iron sided navy ship 3) Neither side won, but first battle between metal-covered ships D. Battle of Shiloh 1) Lasted two days a) Very heavy casualties b) North wins narrowly c) Seem to be on the way to controlling Mississippi River E. New Orleans Falls 1) David Farragut captures New Orleans 2) Blocks the Miss. to the Gulf Merrimack – South

9. Battle of Shiloh

10. War in the East * Main goal of the south – protect their capital – Richmond, VA A. Victories for the Confederacy 1) Victories – largely result of Lee & Jackson 2) Defeated some Union forces twice their size 3) No victories in the north though B. Battle of Antietam (creek) 1) Deadliest single day of fighting during the war 2) Important victory for Union Lee retreats back to Virginia

11. Battle of Antietam

12. The Emancipation Proclamation * Enormous effect in America & abroad A. The Debate 1) Lincoln hated slavery, but didn’t want to make the war about it 2) Many northerners wouldn’t risk their lives for slavery issue 3) Foreign Policy – Britain & France sympathized with south a) They were both anti-slavery though b) If Lincoln made the war about slavery, France & Britain would not be able to support the south B. Lincoln Decides 1) Constitution gave power to take enemies property and slaves were considered “property” 2) Issues Emancipation Proclamation – Sept. 22,1862 (after Battle of Antietam a) Frees all enslaved people in rebel territory (Jan. 1, 1863) C. Effects of the Proclamation 1) Did not free a single slave 2) Lincoln had no power to enforce law in the confederate states 3) By issuing it, the government declared slavery to be wrong 4) If the Union won, slavery would be banned forever

13. Life During the War A Different way of Life * Civil War affected civilians as well A. Shortages in the South 1) Both sides suffered but affected the South most of all 2) Most battles were fought in South so most destruction there 3) Relied on outside world for all needs New Roles for Women A. Treating the Sick & Wounded 1) First time women served as nurses 2) Clara Barton (Red Cross), & Mary Edwards Walker (Medal of Honor) B. Spies 1) Many women served as spies for both sides 2) Some disguised themselves as men to fight in the war Clara Barton Mary Edward Walker – dressed as a man

14. Prison Camps & Field Hospitals A. In the Hands of the Enemy 1) Prison camps set up 2) Prisoners - given a blanket & canteen 3) Andersonville Prison – Georgia a) Built to hold 10,000 prisoners – ended up with 30,000 b) Received tsp of salt, 3 tsp of beans & 8 oz of cornmeal a day c) Drank from a stream – also served as a sewer B. Field Hospitals 1) Doctors worked with war going on around them 2) Small pox, dysentery, typhoid, & pneumonia killed many soldiers

15. 8 Ounces Cornmeal 1 Teaspoon

16. WW I Draft Card Political & Economic Change A. Jail without Trial 1) Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus a) Right to a trial before imprisonment b) Const. allows it to be suspended only “when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it” 2) Used to deal with opponents of the war 3) Jefferson Davis suspended it in south as well B. Draft Laws 1) Confederates passed draft law – all able bodied men, 18-35 had to serve a) later changed to 17-50 2) North passed one as well – 20-45 had to register C. Economic Effects 1) Paid for war by: a) Issuing bonds b) Impose new taxes c) Printed money – greenbacks (due to color) Bank Notes - Greenbacks

17. The Strain of War Southern Victories * Southern Generals – Robert E. Lee & Stonewall Jackson made a huge diff. * Knowledge of terrain & ability to inspire troops was a diff. in war A. Battle of Fredericksburg 1) Union attacks into Virginia – Fredericksburg 2) Lee’s troops entrenched on top of a hill – soundly defeat the Union B. Battle of Chancellorsville 1) Lee & Stonewall Jackson sandwich the Union soldiers – leads to Confederate victory 2) Jackson is fatally wounded by his own troops & dies a week later

18. C. Weak Union Generals 1) Less than a year, three different generals lead the Union: a) George McClellan – good prep. but wouldn’t engage b) Ambrose Burnside – Loss at Fredericksburg c) Joseph Hooker – Crushed at Chancellorsville 2) George Meade takes command three days before Gettysburg African Americans in the War A. In the South 1) Never let them enlist – feared once armed, they would revolt B. In the North 1) Lincoln reluctant at first due to border states 2) By the end of the war, they make up 10% of Union soldiers 3) Fought hard & effectively

19. Union Generals General George Meade General Ambrose Burnside General Joseph Hooker General George McClellan

20. The Tide of War Turns * South was winning – hoped to get help of France & Britain who needed their cotton A. Battle of Gettysburg 1) Small town in southern Pennsylvania 2) South needed supplies & Lee hoped to avoid fighting on unfamiliar soil 3) Lasted three days 4) Union win - puts an end to goal of Confederate foreign policy B. The Vicksburg Siege 1) Cutoff Port Hudson in Louisiana a) Vital to the Mississippi River 2) North - splits South in two – AK,TX, & LA are cutoff C. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address 1) Lincoln honors Soldiers National Cemetery in Gettysburg with 272 word speech

21. The War’s Final Stages Total War Strikes the South * Union begin deliberate strategy of total war – destruction of entire land A. Union Strategy 1) 1864 – Union controls Miss. River & has cutoff western confederate states B. Grant in Charge 1) Grant – avg. student, failure as a farmer, but a brilliant soldier 2) 1864 – Lincoln put Grant in charge of entire Union Army 3) Devised a plan to deliver killing blows from ALL sides a) He would take Richmond (Confed. Capital) b) Sherman would lead attacks across the deep south

22. South Carolina Atlanta Following “Total War”

23. C. Wilderness Campaign 1) Fighting in dense woods between Richmond & Wash. D.C. a) Lincoln needs Grant because “he fights” D. Sherman in Georgia 1) Sherman defeats General Hood in Georgia – burns the city to show horrors of war – bring homelessness to southerners E. Election of 1864 1) Lincoln needed reelection or Confederate govt. would have remained permanent 2) After the victory in Atlanta – Lincoln regains popularity 3) Wins the election with 55% of pop. Vote 4) Shows population is ready to end slavery a) Jan. 31, 1865 – pass 13th Amend. – banning slavery

24. The War’s End A. Sherman’s March to the Sea 1) Sherman became a destroyer – determined to break the will of South 2) Burned cities from GA to the Atlantic Coast 3) Marched towards Grant’s forces – tore up RR tracks, fields, livestock etc. (anything useful) B. The Fall of Richmond 1) April 2, 1865 – Richmond falls to the Union 2) Lincoln relieved to “live to see the end” – pg. 511 & 512 C. Surrender at Appomattox 1) Formal end of war – April 9, 1865 2) Grant’s Terms for Lee: a) Could keep small firearms b) Officers could keep horses c) 25,000 rations to feed his troops D.Toll of War 1) More lives lost than any other conflict in history 2) Victory saved the Union, ended slavery 3) Led to Reconstruction – answer questions: what to do with freed African Americans & how to bring the South back to the Union

25. Appomattox Court House

26. CH. 16 Vocab Border States- Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri Blockade- an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving Contrast- the state of being strikingly different from something else Tributary- a smaller river that flows into a larger river Casualties- people killed or wounded

27. Vocab Quiz Border States Blockade Contrast Tributary Casualties

28. Ch.16 Vocab #2 Habeas corpus- a writ (court order) that requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court Draft- The selection of persons for military service Greenback- Piece of U.S. paper money first issued by the North during the Civil War Inflation- A continuous rise in the price of goods & services

29. Vocab Continued Entrenched- Occupying a strong defensive position Siege- Military blockade Total War- Nearly every human resource can be considered part of the war effort

30. Ch. 16 Vocabulary Quiz #2 Habeas Corpus Greenback Draft Total War Siege Entrenched Inflation