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Energy, Stereoscopic Depth, and Correlations

Energy, Stereoscopic Depth, and Correlations. 1m. CNS. 10cm. Sub-Systems. 1cm. Areas / „Maps“ . 1mm. Local Networks. Levels of Information Processing in the Nervous System. 100 m m. Neurons. 1 m m. Synapses. 0.01 m m. Molecules. But first we need complex numbers…. Correlations.

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Energy, Stereoscopic Depth, and Correlations

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  1. Energy, Stereoscopic Depth, and Correlations

  2. 1m CNS 10cm Sub-Systems 1cm Areas / „Maps“ 1mm Local Networks Levels of Information Processing in the Nervous System 100mm Neurons 1mm Synapses 0.01mm Molecules

  3. But first we need complex numbers…

  4. Correlations

  5. 3) determine motion and sound perceptions

  6. Motion is correlation in time and space:

  7. Motion is correlation in time and space:

  8. Motion is correlation in time and space: This point is on at time t This point is on at time t + t We see motion when two neighbouring spatial positions are stimulated with a temporal delay. First, however, we will do this with spikes (by hand) before we come back to this example !

  9. Intuition: To correlate two signals means to shift one signal back and forth with respect to the other and to check how similar the two signals are (for each of these shifts).

  10. Motion is correlation in time and space: This point is on at time t This point is on at time t + t We see motion when two neighbouring spatial positions are stimulated with a temporal delay.

  11. Motion detection by correlation: Motion is detected by comparing the responses of two photoreceptors The signal of the first photoreceptor is delayed by - t Then the comparison stage detects whether both signals arrive at the same time Delay ( - t ) Compare

  12. Interaural Time Difference (ITD): Sound coming from a particular location in space reaches the two ears at different times. From the interaural time difference the azimuth of the sound direction can be estimated. Example:

  13. The same sound wave reaches the right ear a little later. This gives a phase shift between left and right ear. Spikes are again phase-locked to the sound wave. Transformation of sound to spikes: When a sound wave of a particular frequency reaches the (left) ear, a certain set of hair cells (those that encode this frequency) become excited. These hair cells generate spikes. These spikes always appear at the same phase of the wave. They are „phase-locked“.

  14. Transformation of sound to spikes: When a sound wave of a particular frequency reaches the (left) ear, a certain set of hair cells (those that encode this frequency) become excited. These hair cells generate spikes. These spikes always appear at the same phase of the wave. They are „phase-locked“. The same sound wave reaches the right ear a little later. This gives a phase shift between left and right ear. Spikes are again phase-locked to the sound wave. Difference in spike times ~ sound azimuth !

  15. Each neuron receives input from both ears. Due to the lengths of the two axons, the inputs arrive at different times. The neuron acts as a „coincidence detector“ and only fires if two spikes arrive at the same time. Delay line correlator: => Each neuron encodes a specific interaural time difference.

  16. Delay lines in the owl brain: Input Coincidence detector Ear -> Auditory nerve -> NM -> NL -> LS -> ICx

  17. Correlation: Average over time Coincidence detection Time delay Left spike train Right spike train

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