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Explore Freud's perspective on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and its impact on human psychology, as well as the influences of other philosophers like Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. Discover the origins of psychoanalysis and Freud's groundbreaking contributions to the field.
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Darwin’s The Descent of Man (1859) • “… man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his godlike intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system - with all these exalted powers - Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin.”
The Descent of Man • “For my own part I would as soon be descended from that heroic little monkey, who braved his dreaded enemy in order to save the life of his keeper; or from that old baboon, who, descending from the mountains, carried away in triumph his young comrade from a crowd of astonished dogs—as from a savage who delights to torture his enemies, offers up bloody sacrifices, practices infanticide without remorse, treats his wives like slaves, knows no decency, and is haunted by the grossest superstitions.”
Freud on Darwin’s Significance • “Humanity has in the course of time had to endure from the hands of science two great outrages upon its naive self-love. The first was when it realized that our earth was not the center of the universe, but only a tiny speck in a world-system of a magnitude hardly conceivable; this is associated in our minds with the name of Copernicus, although Alexandrian doctrines taught something very similar. The second was when biological research robbed man of his peculiar privilege of having been specially created, and relegated him to a descent from the animal world, implying an ineradicable animal nature in him: this transvaluation has been accomplished in our own time upon the instigation of Charles Darwin, Wallace, and their predecessors, and not without the most violent opposition from their contemporaries…
Continued • But man's craving for grandiosity is now suffering the third and most bitter blow from present-day psychological research which is endeavoring to prove to the ego of each one of us that he is not even master in his own house, but that he must remain content with the veriest scraps of information about what is going on unconsciously in his own mind. We psycho-analysts were neither the first nor the only ones to propose to mankind that they should look inward; but it appears to be our lot to advocate it most insistently and to support it by empirical evidence which touches every man closely.”
The World as Will and Representation (1844) • Schopenhauer, who viewed the unconscious as a “secret workshop of the will’s decisions” and consciousness as “the surface of a globe” around the vast layers of the unconscious, asserted that: • “The intellect remains so much excluded from the real resolutions and secret decisions of its own will that sometimes it can only get to know them, like those of a stranger, by spying out and taking it unawares: and it must surprise the will in the act of expressing itself, in order merely to discover its real intentions.”
The Gay Science (1882) • “Man, like every living being, thinks continually without knowing it; the thinking that rises to consciousness is only the smallest part of all this – the most superficial and worst part – for only this conscious thinking takes the form of words, which is to say signs of communication, and this fact uncovers the origin of consciousness”
On the Genealogy of Morals (1887) • “All instincts that are not discharged outwardly turn inwards – this is what I call the internalization of man: with it there now evolves in man what will later be called his ‘soul’… Those terrible bulwarks with which state organizations protected themselves against the old instincts of freedom – punishments are a primary instance of this kind of bulwark – had the result that all those instincts of the wild, free, roving man were turned backwards, against man himself. Animosity, cruelty, the pleasure of pursuing, raiding, changing and destroying – all this was pitted against the person who had such instincts: that is the origin of ‘bad conscience’.”
Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-93):“The Father of French Neurology”
Breuer Begins to Treat “Anna O.” With “Talking Treatment” in 1880
1886: Freud Opens Vienna Clinic Dedicated to Treatment of Nervous Ailments
Freud theorizes about the Sexual Origins of Nervous Disorders
Freud Publishes Prolifically from 1895 Onwards • 1895 Studies on Hysteria (with Breuer) • 1900 The Interpretation of Dreams • 1904 The Psychopathology of Everyday Life • 1905 Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious • 1905 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality • 1909 Notes on a Case of Obsessional Neurosis • 1910 Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis • 1910 Leonardo da Vinci • 1915 Introductory Lectures • 1920 Beyond the Pleasure Principle • 1921 Group Psychology • 1923 The Ego and the Id • 1926 The Question of Lay Analysis • 1927 Fetishism • 1927 The Future of an Illusion • 1929 Female Sexuality • 1930 Civilization and its Discontents • 1939 Moses and Monotheism
