Ways of Interpreting Myth: Modern

1. Ways of Interpreting Myth:Modern

2. Modern Interpretations of Myth Two modern meanings of “mythology”: • a system or set of myths • the methodological analysis of myths A monolithic theory of myth vs. the multifunctionalism of myth The autonomy of myth See: Some Theories of Myth Externalist Theories: Myths as Products of the Environment Internalist Theories: Myths as Products of the Mind

3. Externalist Theories:Myths as Products of the Environment Myths as Aetiology Comparative Mythology Nature Myths Myths as Rituals Charter Myths

4. Myths as Aetiology myth as explanation of the origin of things myth as primitive science myth as explanation of customs What aetiologies are in the myth of Zeus?

5. Myths as Aetiology Zeus myth explaining Greek custom regarding sacrifice: Athenian red-figure vase, 430-420 BC. Louvre http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greek_olympics_gallery_02.shtml http://quatr.us/greeks/religion/sacrifice.htm

6. Myths as Aetiology Zeus myth explaining Greek custom regarding sacrifice: Hesiod’s Theogony (ll. 507-543) Now Iapetus took to wife the neat-ankled mad Clymene, daughter of Ocean, and went up with her into one bed. And she bare him a stout-hearted son, Atlas: also she bare very glorious Menoetius and clever Prometheus, full of various wiles, and scatter-brained Epimetheus who from the first was a mischief to men who eat bread; for it was he who first took of Zeus the woman, the maiden whom he had formed. But Menoetius was outrageous, and far-seeing Zeus struck him with a lurid thunderbolt and sent him down to Erebus because of his mad presumption and exceeding pride. And Atlas through hard constraint upholds the wide heaven with unwearying head and arms, standing at the borders of the earth before the clear-voiced Hesperides; for this lot wise Zeus assigned to him. And ready- witted Prometheus he bound with inextricable bonds, cruel chains, and drove a shaft through his middle, and set on him a long- winged eagle, which used to eat his immortal liver; but by night the liver grew as much again everyway as the long-winged bird devoured in the whole day. That bird Heracles, the valiant son of shapely-ankled Alcmene, slew; and delivered the son of Iapetus from the cruel plague, and released him from his affliction -- not without the will of Olympian Zeus who reigns on high, that the glory of Heracles the Theban-born might be yet greater than it was before over the plenteous earth. This, then, he regarded, and honoured his famous son; though he was angry, he ceased from the wrath which he had before because Prometheus matched himself in wit with the almighty son of Cronos. For when the gods and mortal men had a dispute at Mecone, even then Prometheus was forward to cut up a great ox and set portions before them, trying to befool the mind of Zeus. Before the rest he set flesh and inner parts thick with fat upon the hide, covering them with an ox paunch; but for Zeus he put the white bones dressed up with cunning art and covered with shining fat. Then the father of men and of gods said to him:

7. Myths as Aetiology Zeus myth explaining Greek custom regarding sacrifice: Hesiod’s Theogony Cont. (ll. 543-544) `Son of Iapetus, most glorious of all lords, good sir, how unfairly you have divided the portions!' (ll. 545-547) So said Zeus whose wisdom is everlasting, rebuking him. But wily Prometheus answered him, smiling softly and not forgetting his cunning trick: (ll. 548-558) `Zeus, most glorious and greatest of the eternal gods, take which ever of these portions your heart within you bids.' So he said, thinking trickery. But Zeus, whose wisdom is everlasting, saw and failed not to perceive the trick, and in his heart he thought mischief against mortal men which also was to be fulfilled. With both hands he took up the white fat and was angry at heart, and wrath came to his spirit when he saw the white ox-bones craftily tricked out: and because of this the tribes of men upon earth burn white bones to the deathless gods upon fragrant altars. But Zeus who drives the clouds was greatly vexed and said to him: (ll. 559-560) `Son of Iapetus, clever above all! So, sir, you have not yet forgotten your cunning arts!' (ll. 561-584) So spake Zeus in anger, whose wisdom is everlasting; and from that time he was always mindful of the trick, and would not give the power of unwearying fire to the Melian (21) race of mortal men who live on the earth. 

8. F. Max MüllerNature Myths Founder of the social scientific study of religion Comparative approach: Study of Vedic peoples of ancient India applied to myths of other cultures (Greece and Rome) For Müller, the culture of the Vedic peoples represented a form of nature worship, an idea clearly influenced by Romanticism Max Müller 1823-1900) Aeschylus, Fragment 70 (Heliades [Daughters of Helios]) Zeus is the fiery upper air, Zeus is the earth, Zeus is the heaven; Zeus is all things, and whatever transcends them.

9. Zeus as the Sky • Dyaus pitr Sanskrit • Dyaus = “he who shines” • pitr = father • Zeus pater Greek • Jupiter Latin • Tiu Vater Teutonic (German) Indo-European

10. Myths as Ritual Sir James Frazer’ The Golden Bough (1890-1915) Comparative mythology myths as by products of ritual enactments stories to explain religious ceremonies

11. Turner’s “Golden Bough” Joseph M. W. Turner (1775-1851) The Golden Bough  1834 Tate Gallery, London http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999996&workid=14718

12. Myths as Ritual Sir James Frazer’ The Golden Bough (1890-1915) Comparative mythology myths as by products of ritual enactments stories to explain religious ceremonies The Golden Bough On-Line: http://www.bartleby.com/196/

13. Myths as Ritual Zeus myth explaining Greek custom regarding sacrifice: Athenian red-figure vase, 430-420 BC. Louvre http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greek_olympics_gallery_02.shtml http://quatr.us/greeks/religion/sacrifice.htm

14. Charter Myths belief-systems set up to authorize and validate current social customs and institutions. Bronsilaw Malinowski (1884-1942) Selected Bibliography: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Anthro/Anth206/malinowski.htm Does the myth of Zeus validate social customs and institutions?

15. Myths as Ritual Zeus myth explaining Greek custom regarding sacrifice: Athenian red-figure vase, 430-420 BC. Louvre http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greek_olympics_gallery_02.shtml http://quatr.us/greeks/religion/sacrifice.htm

16. Structuralism Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908-) Jean-Paul Vernant Pierre Vidal-Naquet

17. Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908-) • myth reflect the mind's binary organization • diachronic vs. synchronic reading of myth • humans tend to see world as reflection of their own physical and cerebral structure ( two hands, eyes, legs, etc.) • Left/right, raw,/cooked, pleasure/pain • Myth deals with the perception and reconciliation of these opposites • mediation of contradictions How does Zeus mediate contradictions? For more on Levi-Strauss see http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/klmno/levi-strauss_claude.html

18. Mediating Contradictions in Aeschylus’ Zeus “Hymn to Zeus” (Aeschylus. Agamemnon 160-182) Zeus: whatever he may be, if this namepleases him in invocation,thus I call upon him.I have pondered everythingyet I cannot find a way,only Zeus, to cast this dead weight of ignorancefinally from out my brain.He who in time long ago was great,throbbing with gigantic strength,shall be as if he never were, unspoken.He who followed him has foundhis master, and is gone.Cry aloud without fear the victory of Zeus,you will not have failed the truth:Zeus, who guided men to think,who has laid it down that wisdomcomes alone through suffering.Still there drips in sleep against the heartgrief of memory; againstour pleasure we are temperateFrom the gods who sit in grandeurgrace comes somehow violent. “Wisdom comes alone through suffering.:Zeus is the mediation between these two contradictions. Zeus also mediates between grace and violence,

19. Narratology Vlaimir Propp (1895-1970) Propp argued that all fairy tales were constructed of certain plot elements, which he called functions, and that these elements consistently occurred in a uniform sequence. Based on a study of one hundred folk tales, Propp devised a list of thirty-one generic functions, proposing that they encompassed all of the plot components from which fairy tales were constructed. What narrative functions are in the myth of Zeus?

20. The Hero Pattern This pattern is based upon The Hero: A study in Tradition, Myth and Dreams by Lord Raglan Incidents which occur with regularity in hero-myths of all cultures:  1. Hero's mother is a royal virgin; 2. His father is a king, and 3. Often a near relative of his mother, but 4. The circumstances of his conception are unusual, and 5. He is also reputed to be the son of a god. 6. At birth an attempt is made, usually by his father or his maternal grand father to kill him, but 7. he is spirited away, and 8. Reared by foster -parents in a far country. 9. We are told nothing of his childhood, but 10. On reaching manhood he returns or goes to his future Kingdom. 11. After a victory over the king and/or a giant, dragon, or wild beast, 12. He marries a princess, often the daughter of his predecessor and 13. And becomes king. 14. For a time he reigns uneventfully and 15. Prescribes laws, but 16. Later he loses favor with the gods and/or his subjects, and 17. Is driven from the throne and city, after which 18. He meets with a mysterious death, 19. Often at the top of a hill, 20. His children, if any do not succeed him. 21. His body is not buried, but nevertheless 22. He has one or more holy sepulchres.  Click on the name to see the pattern applied to the life of : Mithradates VI of Pontus (22) / Krishna (21) / Moses (20) / Romulus (19) / King Arthur (19) / Perseus (18) / Jesus (18) / Watu Gunung of Java (18) / Heracles (17) Mohammad (17) / Beowulf (15) / Buddha (15) / Czar Nicholas II (14) / Zeus (14) / Nyikang, a cult-hero of the Shiluk tribe of the Upper Nile (14) / Samson (13) / Sunjata, the Lion-King of Ancient Mali (11) / Achilles (10) / Odysseus (8) / Harry Potter (8) 

21. Johann Jakob Bachofen(1815 – 1887) 

22. Feminist Approaches to Myth Marija Gimbutas (1921-1994) Marija Gimbutas was an archaeologist with a scholarly background in folklore and linguistics, making her uniquely qualified to synthesize information from science and myth into a controversial theory of a Goddess-based culture in prehistoric Europe. Joseph Campbell said that, if her work had been available to him, he would have held very different views about the archetypes of the female Divine in world mythology. Primacy of Matriarchy What about Zeus?

23. Matriarchy and Patriarchy Hesiod’s Theogony (ll. 886-900) Now Zeus, king of the gods, made Metis his wife first, and she was wisest among gods and mortal men. But when she was about to bring forth the goddess bright-eyed Athene, Zeus craftily deceived her with cunning words and put her in his own belly, as Earth and starry Heaven advised. For they advised him so, to the end that no other should hold royal sway over the eternal gods in place of Zeus; for very wise children were destined to be born of her, first the maiden bright-eyed Tritogeneia, equal to her father in strength and in wise understanding; but afterwards she was to bear a son of overbearing spirit, king of gods and men. But Zeus put her into his own belly first, that the goddess might devise for him both good and evil.

24. Myths as Products of the Mind Individual Mind Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) id / ego / superego dream world of the individual Does Zeus appeal to our individual dream world?

25. Myths as Products of the Mind Collective Mind Carl Jung (1875-1961) dream world of society collective unconscious archetypes: recurring myths characters, situations and events archetype as primal form or pattern from which all other versions are derived Does Zeus appeal to our collective unconscious?

26. Students of Jung Ernst Cassirer (1874-1975) Mircea Eliade (1907-1986) Victor Turner (1920-1983) Joseph Campbell (1904-1987)

27. Mircea Eliade (1907-1986) Eliade's analysis of religion assumes the existence of "the sacred" as the object of worship of religious humanity. Myths reflect a creative era, a sacred time, a vanished epoch of unique holiness. Is Zeus living in a vanished epoch? More on Eliade: http://www.angelfire.com/electronic/bodhidharma/mircea.html

28. Joseph Campbell1904-1987 Hero's rite of passage journey of maturation Growth into true selfhood (Jung's individuation) More on Campbell: http://www.jcf.org/about_jc.php

29. Myth and Dream Myths as Products of the MIND The Monomyth (James Joyce’s Finnegan’s Wake)

30. Rite of Passageseparation—initiation--return(See Hero Pg. 30)

31. Tragedy and Comedy in the Monomyth • “The universal tragedy of man” • “The happy ending of the fairy tale, the myth, and the divine comedy of the soul, is to be read , not as a contradiction, but as a transcendence of the universal tragedy of man.” (pg. 28) • It is the business of mythology proper, and of the fairy tale, to reveal the specific dangers and techniques of the dark interior way from tragedy to comedy. (pg. 29) • Is Zeus part of the Monomyth?

32. The World Navel The world navel is ubiquitous. And since it is the source of all existence, it yields the world’s plentitude of both good and evil.” (Campbell, Pg. 44) The omphalos The effect of the successful adventure of the hero is the unlocking and release again of the flow of life into the body of the world. (Campbell, pg. 40) Delphi, the navel of the Greek world

33. Zeus and the Omphalos The famous Omphalos (“navel” of the world) was an undecorated holy stone kept in the innermost of the temple in Delphi, covered with a knotted woolen net. It was flanked by two golden eagles. This stone indicated the exact centre of the world, as proven by a scientific experiment by the god Zeus. He had two eagles, one from the eastern end of the earth and one from the west, flying towards each other. The point where they met (at Delphi) had to be the exact centre. The stone which is exhibited in the museum (decorated with the same net) probably stood in front of the temple, being a copy of the original. http://www.pausanias-footsteps.nl/english/delphi-eng.html