Rome

1. Rome The Myth The Republic The Legends

2. Bell WorkThe myth, The legend… • The myth: • Who are the main characters? • What happened to them? • Why do myths exist? • What historical value do they have? • Is this myth true? • Why is Rome where it is? Really…. • Go to Romulus & Remus PP

3. Ancient Rome & the Rise of Christianity 509 BC – 476 AD

5. Orange = all territory Rome controlled. Territory broken up into smaller pieces: “provinces.” Rome began as a small village and grew into an empire. Little white dot = city of Rome.

6. The Roman World Takes Shape • Geography & People • Began as small city-state (Palatine Hill) • in the center of peninsula • Apennine mnts. run the length of Italy • Less rugged than Greek mnts. • Italy much easier to unify • no isolated city-states • Most settled in west • Fertile plains below the Alps

7. Early Roman People • Settled along the Tiber River and 7 hills

8. Reality - Geography - Where is Rome? • Midpoint of Italy • on Tiber river • access to Mediterranean Sea - midpoint • Good for trade • Mountains - Alps & Apennines • Good for protection • temperature climate and plenty of rainfall • fertile plains • Good for farming • unification not hindered by geography (ex - mountains)

9. Latins – earliest settlers • Original settlement near Rome – Tiber • Considered the 1st Romans • Etruscans: northern Italy • From Asia Minor • Romans borrowed Etruscan alphabet, architecture & worshipped similar gods/goddesses • Strongly influenced development of Rome

10. Early Settlers of Italy • Greeks • Settled in Southern Italy & Sicily • Brought trade to Rome • Brought myths

11. Roman Government • Early Rome ruled by kings • Rome continued to grow • Tarquin the Proud came to power • He was a cruel ruler who terrorized the people. • People overthrow King • Laws: anyone that talks about being king = killed

12. Wealthy & educated Most power Senate Smallest class Highest ranks in military Could vote for Senate Inherited status Descendants of founders 2nd largest class Poor to middle class Could vote for Senate Only from Patricians Could not hold government positions Patricians vs. Plebeians

13. Plebeians Demand Equality • Plebeians (commoners): farmers, merchants, artisans, traders • Made efforts to gain power • 12 Tables of Law set up in the Forum • made it possible for plebeians to appeal decision of a judge • Later gained right to elect tribunes (10) to protect their interests • Tribunes could veto (block) laws that weren’t in the interest of the common people

14. The Roman Republic • Set up a Republic (govt. of the people) • Senate: most powerful governing body made up of 300 patricians (landholding upper class): • served for life

15. Roman Republic • Roman Republic was est. • Republic – gov’t where citizens have the right to vote & elect their leaders • Not a Democracy. Why? • People make decisions in democracy • elected officials make decisions in republic • Similar? • People run the gov’t

16. Roman Senate continued! • 2 consuls elected from the patrician class • Job was to consult with the Senate, supervise business of the govt. and command the armies • Consuls served 1yr term • In times of war: Senate chose a dictator to rule for 6 months

17. Rule of Law • It means nobody is above the law Not the: king, senate, people, police. • Laws are written down & must be respected

18. What were the solutions? • The Assembly • Assembly protected interest of plebeians • Elect representatives • TRIBUNES • Twelve Tables • Rome’s written code of laws • Placed in the forum for all to see

19. Balanced Government Commanded army & government One year term Veto each other Patricians Made the laws Advised Consuls Life Term Patricians Lose control in times of trouble Plebeians Very little power Elected Tribunes Chosen by consuls approved by Senate 6 month term Absolute power in times of trouble Command army

20. Rome’s Army • In the early republic • the army was important to Rome’s greatness • All male citizens were expected to serve • Must serve 10yrs before = vote • Most important unit = Legion • Legion • Military unit of 5000 foot soldiers • Century • small groups in the legion • could move independently

21. Rome wins Control • Rome Spreads Power • FULL CITIZENS • Latins - all rights • HALF CITIZENS • Other territories in Italy • all rights but voting • ALLIES • Territories outside Italy • Left alone if they gave troops • Extending citizenship to ppl outside of Rome will make Rome great. Why?

22. Family: basic unit of society Male head of household had absolute power Enforced discipline Demanded respect Women: played larger role than Greek women Could run businesses, attend baths, theater & public entertainment – supported arts & public festivals Most worked at home Roman Society A famous line of Cicero, describes the status of Roman women: 'Our ancestors, in their wisdom, considered that all women, because of their innate weakness, should be under the control of guardians.'

23. Education • Girls & boys learned to read & write • Wealthy Romans hired private tutors (Greece) to supervise children education • Rhetoric important for boys who wanted to pursue politics

24. Religion • Gods/goddesses resembled Greek & Etruscan deities • Statues & temples built throughout Rome • Festivals honored the deities • http://www.gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/roman/ • http://www.messagenet.com/myths/names.html

25. Rome spreads its power Punic Wars 1-3

26. 1st Punic War • Rome versus Carthage • Fought over control of Sicily • It was important for trade • Rome wins control of Sicily & Western Mediterranean Sea

27. 2nd Punic War: Hannibal’s Plan • Who is he? • Carthaginian general • Avenge Carthage’s defeat • Where? What route did he take? • Surprise attack • Across Spain and over the Alps • He brought soldiers, horses and ELEPHANTS YouTube - Hannibal's elephants - BBC • He defeated the Romans at many battles • including Cannae – greatest battle • He fought the Romans for 15 years • He could not capture Rome

28. 2nd Punic War Scipio’s Plan • Attack Zama (near Carthage) • Hannibal is forced to go home to defend his city • He is defeated • ROME wins the 2nd Punic War & Carthage is crushed

29. 3rd Punic War • Rome invades Carthage • Cut off food supplies • Burned Carthage to the ground • Sold people into slavery • ROME wins & Carthage is DESTROYED

30. Punic War Victories • Dominance over the western Mediterranean • Romans went on to conquer the east

32. The Fall of the Roman Empire Life after Marcus Aurelius

33. Economic Decay • Trade during the Pax Romana “Roman Peace”? • Lots of trade • Lots of food • Lots of war spoils • Decay • Trade is disrupted by raids and pirates • Exports don’t get to other countries • Agriculture suffered • Bad harvests • Inflation: increase in prices & taxes • No more spoils from war

34. Military Decay • How was Rome’s army before? • Good, well trained soldiers • Loyal to their general for land and citizenship • Decay • Attacks from northern European tribes • Lack of money to pay for defense • Soldiers were paid in gold - mercenaries • Barbarians took less money than citizens • Decline in patriotism, less loyalty among soldiers

35. Political Decay • What was the government like before? • Soldiers willing to die for the republic • Great politicians acting in Rome’s interests • Decay • Political positions were a burden • did not pay as much • Roman people become indifferent • Army becomes more involved in politics • People blame the government for problems • Civil war and unrest

36. Social Decays • Before? • Loyal to the Empire • Highly patriotic • Peace and prosperity • Decay • Decline of interest in public affairs • Lost confidence in the empire • Corruption, lack of patriotism • Decline in population due to food shortage

37. Two men hold on to the Empire • Diocletian • Doubled the size of Army • Set prices of everything • Ended the persecution of Christians • Increased prestige of the Emperor • Divided the empire into two halves • East: the Greek speaking side • Constantine • West: the Latin speaking side • Diocletian

38. Two men hold on to the Empire • Constantine: • Gains control of West ½ • 1 single ruler concept • Same social & economic policies • Makes Christianity the official religion of Roman Empire –WHY? • Moves capital to Byzantium • Better location for trade, defense, and religion • Constantinople: new name • YouTube - Ancient Rome The Rise And Fall Of An Empire 1

39. Barbarians = non-Romans • From 376 AD to 476 AD Rome is invaded by Germanic tribes (northern European) • The HUNS • The Germanic tribes were forced from their homes as the Huns invaded them • They then invaded the WESTERN half of the Empire, destroy Rome, and take the land • The Western ½ loses, the Eastern ½ continues to thrive for 1000 years after the fall as the Byzantine Empire

40. Bubonic plague “Black plague” • It was called the black plague because of the dark spots found on its victims

41. YouTube - Monty Python: Not Dead Yet

42. Why was Rome so affected by the Plague?

43. Fall of Rome • Rome was besieged by various tribes from modern day Germany and France.

44. Although the fall of the Roman Empire did not happen overnight, many consider its fall the beginning of the Middle Ages or Dark Ages.