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THE HEALTHY BODY

Explore key anatomical terms, integumentary, musculoskeletal & nervous systems aging changes, signs & symptoms. Enhance assistance skills.

elizabethpowers
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THE HEALTHY BODY

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  1. THE HEALTHY BODY CHAPTER 9

  2. 1. DESCRIBE BODY SYSTEMS AND DEFINE KEY ANATOMICAL TERMS Journal to Remember: Signs are what the NA actually sees, hears, feels, or smells. Symptoms are not directly seen by the NA, but reported by the resident.

  3. 1. DESCRIBE BODY SYSTEMS AND DEFINE KEY ANATOMICAL TERMS It is important for NAs to know these anatomical terms of location: Anterior or ventral (front of the body or body part) Posterior or dorsal (back of the body or body part) Superior (toward the head) Inferior (away from the head) Medial (toward the midline of the body) Lateral (to the side away from the midline of the body) Proximal (closer to the torso) Distal (farther away from the torso)

  4. THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

  5. 2. DESCRIBE THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM NAs should know these important points about the integumentary system: Body’s largest organ and system Natural protective covering Prevents excessive loss of water and injury to internal organs Skin made of tissue and glands Skin is a sense organ. Regulates body temperature

  6. The following are normal changes of aging in the integumentary system: Thinner, drier, more fragile skin Less elastic skin Thinning fatty tissue can cause person to feel colder Thinner, gray hair Wrinkles and brown spots Nails harder and more brittle Dry, itchy skin due to lack of oil from sebaceous glands

  7. The orange box on p. 132 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the integumentary system. In what other ways might NAs help? 2. DESCRIBE THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Think about this question journal your answer:

  8. NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the integumentary system: Pale, white, reddened, or purple areas Blisters or bruises Complaints of tingling, warmth, or burning Dry or flaking skin Itching or scratching Rashes or discoloration Swelling Cuts, boils, sores, wounds, abrasions

  9. Signs and symptoms related to the integumentary system (cont’d): Fluid or blood draining from skin Broken skin Changes in moistness/dryness Changes in injury or wound Redness or broken skin between toes or around toenails Scalp or hair changes Skin that appears different from normal In darker complexions, look for changes in skin tone, skin temperature, and the feel of the tissue as compared to skin nearby

  10. THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

  11. NAs should know these important points about the musculoskeletal system: The human body has 206 bones. Two bones meet at joint (for movement). Joints make movement possible in either all directions or in one direction only. Muscles provide movement and produce body heat. Physical activity/exercise increases circulation, increasing blood flow to organs and tissues. Inactivity can cause depression, pneumonia, constipation, UTIs, loss of self-esteem, and blood clots. Muscles develop atrophy or contractures from inactivity. ROM exercises help prevent atrophy or contractures.

  12. The following are normal changes of aging in the musculoskeletal system: Muscles weaken and lose tone. Body movement slows. Bones lose density and become more brittle. Joints can stiffen/become painful. Height is gradually lost.

  13. Think about this question : The orange box on pp. 133 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the musculoskeletal system. In what other ways might NAs help?

  14. NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the musculoskeletal system: Changes in movement and activity Changes in ability to do ROMs Pain during movement New or increased swelling of joints White, shiny, red, or warm areas over joints Bruising Aches and pains reported by resident

  15. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

  16. NAs should know these important points about the nervous system: Control and message center of body Controls and coordinates all body functions Senses information from outside the body Two main parts: central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves)

  17. The following are normal changes of aging in the nervous system: Slower responses and reflexes Decrease in sensitivity of nerve endings in skin Some memory loss, more often with short-term memory

  18. Think about this question: The orange box on pp. 135 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the nervous system. In what other ways might NAs help?

  19. NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the nervous system: Fatigue or pain with movement Shaking or trembling Inability to move one side of body Difficulty speaking or slurring of speech Numbness or tingling Disturbance or change in vision or hearing

  20. Signs and symptoms related to the nervous system (cont’d): Dizziness or loss of balance Changes in eating or fluid intake Difficulty swallowing Bowel or bladder changes Depression or mood changes Memory loss or confusion Violent behavior Unusual or unexplained change in behavior Decreased ability to perform ADLs

  21. PARTS OF THE EYE

  22. THE EAR

  23. Think about this question and journal your answer What are the other sense organs in the human body?

  24. The following are normal changes of aging to a person’s senses: Reduced vision and hearing (sense of balance may be affected) Decreased senses of taste, touch, and smell

  25. Think about this question: The orange box on pp. 137 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to their senses. In what other ways might NAs help?

  26. NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the sense organs: Changes in vision or hearing Dizziness Complaints of pain in eyes or ears

  27. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

  28. NAs should know these important points about the circulatory system: Made up of heart, blood vessels, and blood Blood carries food, oxygen, and essential substances to cells. A healthy circulatory system is essential for life. The heart is a muscle made up of three layers: pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium. Heart has four chambers: two upper chambers called the left atrium and right atrium, and two lower chambers called ventricles. Heart functions in two phases: resting phase—diastole (chambers fill with blood) and contracting phase—systole (ventricles pump blood).

  29. Important points about the circulatory system (cont’d): Major functions are to: Supply food, oxygen, and hormones to cells Produce and supply antibodies Remove waste products from cells Control body temperature

  30. The following are normal changes of aging in the circulatory system: Heart pumps less efficiently Decreased blood flow Narrowed blood vessels

  31. Think about this question: The orange box on p. 139 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the circulatory system. In what other ways might NAs help?

  32. NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the circulatory system: Changes in pulse rate Weakness or fatigue Loss of ability to perform ADLs Swelling of hands and feet Pale or blue hands, feet, or lips Chest pain Weight gain Shortness of breath, changes in breathing patterns, inability to catch breath Severe headache Inactivity, which can lead to circulatory problems

  33. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  34. NAs should know these important points about the respiratory system: Inspiration is breathing in and expiration is breathing out. Functions are To bring oxygen into body To eliminate carbon dioxide produced by the body

  35. The following are normal changes of aging in the respiratory system: Loss of lung strength Decreased lung capacity Decreased oxygen in the blood Weakened voice

  36. Think about this question: The orange box on p. 140 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the respiratory system. In what other ways might NAs help?

  37. NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the respiratory system: Changes in respiratory rate Shallow breathing or breathing through pursed lips Coughing or wheezing Nasal congestion or discharge Sore throat, difficulty swallowing, swollen tonsils Need to sit after mild exertion Pale, bluish, or gray lips or extremities Pain in chest Discolored sputum (yellow, green, gray, or bloody)

  38. THE URINARY SYSTEM

  39. NAs should know these important points about the urinary system: Functions are: To eliminate wastes To maintain water balance

  40. The following are normal changes of aging in the urinary system: Reduced ability of kidneys to filter blood Weakened bladder muscle tone Bladder holds less urine causing more frequent urination Bladder may not empty completely, causing greater chance of infection

  41. Think about this question: The orange box on p. 141 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the urinary system. In what other ways might NAs help?

  42. NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the urinary system: Weight loss or gain Swelling in extremities Painful urination or burning during urination Changes in urine (cloudy, odor, color) Change in frequency or amount of urine Swelling in abdominal/bladder area Complaints that bladder feels full or painful Urinary incontinence Pain in kidney or back/flank Inadequate fluid intake Confusion

  43. THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

  44. NAs should know these important points about the gastrointestinal system: Digestion prepares food for absorption into cells. Elimination is expelling solid wastes. The pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that moves glucose (sugar) from blood and into cells for energy for the body.

  45. The following are normal changes of aging in the gastrointestinal system: Decreased saliva production affects chewing/swallowing. Dulled sense of taste may result in poor appetite. Absorption of vitamins/minerals decreases. Digestion takes longer, is less efficient. Body waste moves more slowly through intestines; constipation is more frequent.

  46. Think about this question: The orange box on p. 143 of the text describes some ways NAs can assist residents experiencing normal changes of aging to the gastrointestinal system. In what other ways might NAs help?

  47. NAs should report these signs and symptoms related to the gastrointestinal system: Difficulty swallowing or chewing Fecal incontinence Weight gain or loss Loss of appetite Abdominal pain or cramping Diarrhea Nausea and vomiting (especially coffee grounds type)

  48. Signs and symptoms related to the gastrointestinal system (cont’d): Constipation Flatulence Hiccups, belching Bloody, black, or hard stools Heartburn Poor nutritional intake

  49. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  50. NAs should know these important points about the endocrine system: Glands produce and secrete hormones, which are chemical substances that control numerous body functions Hormones are carried by the blood to organs in order to achieve the following: Maintain homeostasis Influence growth and development Regulate blood sugar levels Regulate calcium levels in bones Regulate body’s ability to reproduce Determine how fast cells burn food for energy (metabolism)

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