4 periods

2. Herodotus (484-420 BC) • Father of History • recorded history-Books called Researches • Traveled widely • Most were about Persian wars • WHERE HAVE WE BEEN? • PREHISTORIC ART30,000-8,000 BCEEGYPTIAN ART 3200-1070 BCE 4 periods • Geometric (700 BCE) • Archaic (650-490 BCE) • Classical (480-323 BCE) • Hellenistic (323-145 BCE) about 500 years in all REMEMBER GREEK ARTISTS CARVE HAPPILY

3. GREEK SCULPTURE • Archaic Period • influenced by Egyptian sculptures. • were considered unnatural and inflexible. • were assembled in pieces. • referred to asKouros(for ideal male) and Kore (for • ideal female). • Sculptures standing tall, erect, looking straight • forward with arms at the sides or engaged. • “Archaic smile” • For men – one leg forward • Eyes open wide • Ovid shaped head • All were originally painted.

4. sculpture would be outside a temple or serve as a grave-marker Standing Youth (Kouros). c. 600 BCE. Marble, height 6'1 ½". Calf-Bearer (Moschophoros) (c.560BC)

5. PeplosKore(Acropolis Museum, Athens) PAINTED Kore (Athenian Acropolis, 525 BCE)

6. Lasted about 150 years Classical Period (480-323 BC) • The Classical period begins with the conquer of the Persians at Marathon. • This victory led to confidence in artists in conveying realism. • the contrapposto stance is introduced, in which one leg of the subject is extended to express a change in weight

7. Kritios Boy, c.480 BC, marble, H.39 in. Severe Style (Early Classical) No Archaic smile Idealized form - perfection Athena, Herakles, and Atlas with the apples of the Hesperides, metope from the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece, ca. 470-456 B.C. Marble, approx. 5’ 3” high. Archeological Museum, Olympia.

8. The Discus Thrower (Roman copy of original by Myron, 450 BC) Spear Bearer (Doryphoros) by Polykleitos , about 450 BCE.

9. ? S-curve Poseidon/Zeus? Hermes Holding the Infant Dionysus (about 340 BC) is attributed to Praxiteles

10. Bronze casting allowed more complex action poses The bronze charioteer was found in the rubble of a temple toppled by an earth quake in 373 BCE and was saved from being melted down because it was covered by rubble . • in the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, Greece, ca. 470 B.C. Bronze, approx. 5' 11" high. Archeological Museum, Delphi.

11. 3 goddesses from the east pediment of the Parthenon , British Museum 438 BC

12. Hellenistic Period • After the defeat of the Persians by Alexander the Great in the late 4th Century BCE, Asia Minor, Egypt and Italy were affected artistically by Greek styles. • Architectural styles were influenced by the Doric and Ionic temples, while sculpture adopted realistic Greek proportions. • Sculpture, became much more individual and emotional. The ideal athlete was replaced by the suffering, wounded warrior. • Pergamon (on the coast of Asia Minor) becomes a cultural center for artistic achievements.

13. Dying Gaul Capitoline Museums Epigonos?, about 220 BCE Roman marble copy of bronze original Nike of Samothrace, c190 BCE Wet drapery look

14. MICHELANGELO LOVED THE LAOCOON SCULPTURE Venus de Milo" Aphrodite of Melos, Louvre Museum , Paris Laocoon and Sons 25 BC. Trojan priest Lacoon and his sons Antiphantes and Thymbraues being strangled by sea serpents.

15. INNOVATIONS IN GREEK ARCHITECTURE

16. During the archaic period, Architects developed systems of proportions and ornamentation known as orders. LINTEL P O S T P O S T

17. IONIC DORIC CORINTHIAN

18.  Parthenon ACROPOLIS The words “classic” come from the Latin word classis, meaning the division of people into classes based on wealth. So, “classic” has come to mean “first class”, “the highest rank” and the “standard of excellence. Greek and Roman artists tried to create ideal images based on mathematical proportions which were considered Classical. The “Golden Age” of art is another name for the Classical period of Greek art and architecture. The leader of the Athenians during this period was Pericles who initiated the building of the temples on the Acropolis.

19. The Parthenon – 447 BC PEDIMENT Temple to Athena • Phidias -15 years to build

20. MATHEMATICS AND THE GREEKS SENSE OF BEAUTY The Golden Mean ENTASIS Ideal of beauty in Numbers A formula as a “theme” 1:2 + 1 (Parthenon 8:17) Golden Mean = 1:1.6180339 (roughly 8:13) found in nature

21. Porch of the Maidens or ERECHTHEION Back porch view building was damaged in battle with Persians (421-406 b.c). Figures have contrapposto Figures are called Caryatids Represent the harmonious relationship between the ideal (geometric) form and human form.

23. GREEK VASES

24. Geometric Pottery (900 BCE) As wealth spread during the Archaic Period (900 BCE), people wanted better dishes The single wavy line of the Sub-Mycenean style turned into many lines and patterns crowding the entire pot This may be an imitation of West Asian clothing during the period (a result of trade with the Phoenicians) Two cities led the way: Corinth made little pots for perfume, decorate with mythical animals Athenians starting making similar pots to sell for high prices but used scenes from Greek mythology Dipylon Vase 800-700 BCE

25. The Francois Vase, made by Ergotimos, painted by Kleitias, 570 BCE, • Black Figure Pottery (620 BCE) • The mythological scenes painted on them took over most of the pot while the geometric decoration took up less. • A new painting technique developed as well: instead of painting figures of people in outline, the Athenian potters began to paint people in silhouette • The black figures are a result of the clay found near Athens, which has a lot of iron in it, so it looks black when wet. If it is fired where there is plenty of oxygen, the iron rusts and turns red. Without air getting into the furnace, the clay stays black. • To get the two colours, a pot is fired to dry a little • A little wet clay is mixed with a lot of water to make a kind of paint (called the slip) and this is used to make the black part of the picture. You then let the whole thing dry. • It is fired in a kiln with plenty of oxygen, turning everything red and right at the end the oxygen is sucked out, make the thinner slip turn black again. Achilles and Ajax playing dicePainted by ExekiasAttic black figure amphorac. 530 BCMuseoGregorianoEtrusco, Vatican

26. Red Figure Pottery (circa 530 BCE) • Potters were frustrated by the limitations of black figure pottery • They wanted to paint with more detail and overlapping figures so instead of painting black figures, they painted to background black and left the people red, which showed better detail • this is difficult because you have to paint around the people. • The slip and the firing process are exactly the same as in black figure • By about 450 BCE hardly any vases were being produced • Theory #1: Athenians were rich and didn’t need to produce any more pottery • Theory #2: Etruscans, who bought a lot of the pottery were no longer thriving.

27. Alexander the Great The Battle of Issus Mosaic (334)

28. 'I wasn't warned,' says B.C. teen arrested in Greece Last Updated: Thursday, March 24, 2005 | 12:34 PM ET CBC News A Vancouver Island teen arrested in Greece says she was never told not to touch artifacts at an ancient site in Greece. MadelaineGierc spent two days in an Athens jail this week, charged with trying to steal an antiquity. The 16-year-old student from Duncan, B.C., claims she was just picking up a rock on a path near the Parthenon to have her picture taken, when she was arrested, charged and jailed. Gierc says she was never told about the rules at the ancient site. "I didn't see any of the signs and we were never told 'Don't touch,' and I had no idea we couldn't pick up things on the ground and have closer looks," said Gierc. But a spokesperson for the tour company, EF Travel, says there are many written notices at the Parthenon. Brent Ronning says his company also uses licensed tour guides who warn against touching artifacts. "She really has to take responsibility for her own actions, but we do think that the Greek authorities overreacted," said Ronning. Gierc was first charged with theft of an antiquity, a charge that carries a maximum 10-year sentence. That charge has been reduced to illegally possessing an antiquity and will likely result in a fine. She will not have to return to Greece for the hearing.