FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.)

1. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

2. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

3. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

4. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

5. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

6. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

7. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

8. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

9. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

10. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

11. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

12. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

13. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

14. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44)

15. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48)

16. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48)

17. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Italians control more Byz. trade Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48)

18. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Italians control more Byz. trade Declining economy & tax base Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West Growing pressure on free peasants Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) W. Eur. launches Crusades to take Palestine from Turks (FC.67)

19. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Tensions rise & Byz. Emp. decays further Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Declining economy & tax base Italians control more Byz. trade Latin W. encroaches more on Byz’s Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) W. Eur. launches Crusades to take Palestine from Turks (FC.67)

20. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Tensions rise & Byz. Emp. decays further Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Declining economy & tax base Italians control more Byz. trade Latin W. encroaches more on Byz’s Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) W. Eur. launches Crusades to take Palestine from Turks (FC.67)

21. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Tensions rise & Byz. Emp. decays further Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Declining economy & tax base Italians control more Byz. trade Latin W. encroaches more on Byz’s Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West Growing pressure on free peasants Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) W. Eur. launches Crusades to take Palestine from Turks (FC.67)

22. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Declining economy & tax base Growing pressure on free peasants Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Tensions rise & Byz. Emp. decays further Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West Latin W. encroaches more on Byz’s Italians control more Byz. trade Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) W. Eur. launches Crusades to take Palestine from Turks (FC.67) Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople (1204)  Further decline(FC.67)

23. FC.45 DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (c.1000-1453 C.E.) Growing tensions b/w Byz. East & Latin West Steady internal decay of the Byz. Emp. Latin W. encroaches more on Byz’s Weaker, non-military emperors as military needs seem less urgent Nobles’ attempt to take peasants’ lands as land values grow Growing pressure on free peasants Italians control more Byz. trade Tensions rise & Byz. Emp. decays further Byz’s can’t keep up their navy Declining economy & tax base Some peasants lose lands to nobles esp. during hard times Hard-pressed peasants must pay even higher taxes Byz’s must use expensive mercenaries Decline of free Byzantine peasants & peasant militia Italian city-states give naval service to Byz’s for lower customs tolls Political & econ. stability during revival of Byz. Emp. (FC.44) Growing threat from Seljuk Turks (FC.48) W. Eur. launches Crusades to take Palestine from Turks (FC.67) Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople (1204)  Further decline(FC.67) Constantinople finally falls to Turks in 1453 (FC.48)