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FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.). Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36). FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.).
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FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36)
FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire
FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38)
Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38)
Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38)
Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38)
Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38)
Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38)
Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Empire more compact & easier to defend Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Empire more compact & easier to defend Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Empire more compact & easier to defend Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Empire more compact & easier to defend Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Milit. provinces Better defense Invasions let up by 750 Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Trade & tolls Money Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. Good diplomacy to neutralize enemies Political, military, & econ. revival & expansion of Byz. Emp. thanks to: Empire more compact & easier to defend Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Slavs forcibly settled to repopulate Asia Minor Good peasant militia FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Milit. provinces Better defense Invasions let up by 750 Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Trade & tolls Money Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. Good diplomacy to neutralize enemies Political, military, & econ. revival & expansion of Byz. Emp. thanks to: Empire more compact & easier to defend Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Slavs forcibly settled to repopulate Asia Minor Good peasant militia FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Milit. provinces Better defense Invasions let up by 750 Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Trade & tolls Money Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. Good diplomacy to neutralize enemies Political, military, & econ. revival & expansion of Byz. Emp. thanks to: Empire more compact & easier to defend Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Slavs forcibly settled to repopulate Asia Minor Good peasant militia FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Milit. provinces Better defense Invasions let up by 750 Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Trade & tolls Money Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. Good diplomacy to neutralize enemies Political, military, & econ. revival & expansion of Byz. Emp. thanks to: Empire more compact & easier to defend Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Slavs forcibly settled to repopulate Asia Minor Good peasant militia FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Milit. provinces Better defense Invasions let up by 750 Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Trade & tolls Money Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. Good diplomacy to neutralize enemies Political, military, & econ. revival & expansion of Byz. Emp. thanks to: Empire more compact & easier to defend Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Slavs forcibly settled to repopulate Asia Minor Good peasant militia FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Milit. provinces Better defense Invasions let up by 750 Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Trade & tolls Money Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. Good diplomacy to neutralize enemies Political, military, & econ. revival & expansion of Byz. Emp. thanks to: Empire more compact & easier to defend Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Slavs forcibly settled to repopulate Asia Minor Good peasant militia FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Slavs forcibly settled to repopulate Asia Minor Good peasant militia By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Empire more compact & easier to defend Good diplomacy to neutralize enemies Political, military, & econ. revival & expansion of Byz. Emp. thanks to: Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Steady expansion of the Empire under Macedonian Dyn. (867-1025) Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. Invasions let up by 750 Milit. provinces Better defense Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Trade & tolls Money FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46)
Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Trade & tolls Money By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Empire more compact & easier to defend Good diplomacy to neutralize enemies Slavs forcibly settled to repopulate Asia Minor Good peasant militia Political, military, & econ. revival & expansion of Byz. Emp. thanks to: Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Steady expansion of the Empire under Macedonian Dyn. (867-1025) Invasions let up by 750 Milit. provinces Better defense Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46) Byz. decline after Basil II’s death in 1025 (FC.45)
Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Trade & tolls Money By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Empire more compact & easier to defend Good diplomacy to neutralize enemies Slavs forcibly settled to repopulate Asia Minor Good peasant militia Political, military, & econ. revival & expansion of Byz. Emp. thanks to: Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Steady expansion of the Empire under Macedonian Dyn. (867-1025) Invasions let up by 750 Milit. provinces Better defense Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46) Byz. decline after Basil II’s death in 1025 (FC.45) Byz’s pass on Graeco-Roman Civ. to W. Eur. (FC.76)
Invasions let up by 750 Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Slavs forcibly settled to repopulate Asia Minor Good peasant militia By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended Empire more compact & easier to defend Political, military, & econ. revival & expansion of Byz. Emp. thanks to: Good diplomacy to neutralize enemies Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Steady expansion of the Empire under Macedonian Dyn. (867-1025) Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. Milit. provinces Better defense Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions Trade & tolls Money FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46) Byz. decline after Basil II’s death in 1025 (FC.45) Byz’s pass on Graeco-Roman Civ. to W. Eur. (FC.76) Byz’s pass on Graeco-Roman Civ. to Russia (FC.92)
Invasions let up by 750 Long war w/Persia exhausts both emp’s Slavs forcibly settled to repopulate Asia Minor Good peasant militia By 750, Byz. Emp. is reduced to a core of Asia Minor & Aegean More unity Relig. unity after 843 when iconoclastic dispute is ended Empire more compact & easier to defend Political, military, & econ. revival & expansion of Byz. Emp. thanks to: Good diplomacy to neutralize enemies Emp. more ethnically & culturally unified Emperor Justinian (527-65) tries to reconquer the West. Emp. while pacifying Persians in East with huge bribes Take N. Africa & Italy after 20 yrs hard fighting Hunnic Bulgars drive their Slavic subjects to overrun Balkans Byzantine diplomacy, perseverance, & Constantinople’s fortifications save the empire several times Trade & tolls Money Steady expansion of the Empire under Macedonian Dyn. (867-1025) Lombards take most of Italy Byz’s keep S.Italy & Venice in N. Milit. provinces Better defense Empire exhausted by wars, plague, & relig. strife Open to invasions FC44 THE EASTERN ROMAN (BYZANTINE) EMPIRE (c.500-1000 C.E.) Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emp. survives after the Western Emp. falls by 500 (FC. 36) Bubonic plague devastates Empire Byz.’s persecute heresies (FC. 38) Arab Muslims conquer Palestine, Syria, Egypt, & N. Afr. (FC. 46) Byz. decline after Basil II’s death in 1025 (FC.45) Byz’s pass on Graeco-Roman Civ. to W. Eur. (FC.76) Byz’s pass on Graeco-Roman Civ. to Russia (FC.92) Byz’s pass on Graeco-Roman Civ. to Arab Muslims (FC.47)