8 Parts of Speech

1. 8 Parts of Speech Noun Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections

2. Nouns (p. L39) A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns answer the who or what in the sentence. There are 6 types of nouns: 1. concrete – name people, places, and things you can usually touch or see 2. abstract – name ideas & qualities 3. common – names any person, place, or thing 4. proper – names a particular person, place or thing (ALL proper nouns begin with a capital letter) 5. compound – noun that includes more than one word; EX. living room, home run, break-in, birdhouse, crosswalk 6. collective – names a group of people or things; EX. band, committee, league, family

3. Pronouns (p. L47) A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns. Personal Pronouns: 1st person – I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours 2nd person: you, your, yours 3rd person: he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs

4. Pronoun Antecedents A pronoun antecedent is the noun a pronoun refers to or replaces in a sentence. Ex. Dion said he couldn’t go to the zoo. Pronoun = he Pronoun antecedent = Dion

5. Pronoun Practice p. L47-48 • Juanita brought her camera on the trip to the zoo. • Steve asked Juanita to take a picture of him. • Linda said, “I enjoy the reptiles.” • Gretchen and Margo said they were looking for the penguins. • Ms. Jackson told Henry that she liked to watch the monkeys.

6. Pronouns (cont’d) Reflexive/Intensive pronouns refer to or emphasize another noun or pronoun. EX: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Indefinite pronouns refer to unnamed people, places, things or ideas. EX: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, much, neither, nobody, no one, one, somebody, someone, something, both, few, many, others, several, all, any, most, none, some

7. Pronoun Practice p. L52-53 • In the early 1840s, adventurous settlers readied themselves for the overland trip to the West. • Life in the Oregon country held new promise for them. • The settlers themselves could never have anticipated all the hardships they encountered on the two-thousand mile Oregon Trail.

8. Pronouns (cont’d) Demonstrative pronouns point out a specific person, place, thing, or idea. EX. this, that, these, those Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. EX. what, which, who, whom, whose

9. Pronoun Practice p. L57 • Who is going to the dance on Saturday? • That is the most important question on our minds. • This is my outfit for the dance. • Of all my shoes, these will match my dress best. • What is the first song going to be?

10. Verbs p. L69 • A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of being. • An action verb tells what action a subject is performing. • Action verbs show physical and mental action or show ownership

11. Verbs p. L69 • A verb phrase includes a main verb plus any helping, or auxiliary, verbs. • Ex. The whales will have migratedby October. • The students couldcertainly learn more about the sea. • Should our class visit the ocean? • I have never seen a killer whale.

12. Helping Verbs p. L70 • There are 23 most common helping verbs. • be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been • have: has, have, had • do: do, does, did • Others: may, might, must, can, could, shall, should, will, would

13. Verb Practice p. L70-71 • Dr. Lilly, a scientist from California, has been experimenting with dolphins for many years. • He has made some curious claims about them. • Dolphins have larger brains than humans. • Their language contains at least fifty thousand words.

14. Verb Practice p. L71 5. Their brains can handle four different conversations at one time. 6. They can also judge between right and wrong. 7. Dolphins can remember sounds and series of sounds. 8. They can even communicate among themselves.

15. Linking Verbs (“to be” verbs) p. L75 • A linking verb links the subject with another word in the sentence. The other word either renames or describes the subject.

16. Common Forms of Be • Be, is, am, are, was, were • Shall be, will be, can be, could be, should be, would be, may be, might be • Have been, has been, had been, could have been, should have been, may have been, might have been, must have been

17. Additional Linking Verbs p. L76 • Appear • Become • Feel • Grow • Look • Remain • Seem • Smell • Sound • Stay • Taste • Turn

18. Linking Verb Practice p. L76-77 My childhood on the farm was great. Childhood memories should be happy for everyone. My mother had been a city girl. My father could have been a doctor. Instead, he was a farmer.

19. Linking Verb Practice p. L77 • The weather suddenly turned colder. • The sky looks dark today. • The clouds have grown thicker. • The gentle breeze became a strong wind. • The raindrops felt cold against my skin. • The dog appeared quite upset. • The thunder sounded very loud.

20. Homework • Complete Pronoun & Verbs handouts • Due Tuesday

21. Adjectives/Adverbs

22. ADJECTIVES P. L91 – L101 • Word that modifies a noun or pronoun • Describing words • Questions adjectives answer: • What kind? • Which one(s)? • How many? • How much?

23. Adjectives cont’d • Articles are also adjectives: a, an, the • Pronouns may be used as adjectives • Ex. I think her graphic will certainly win a prize. • Demonstrative, interrogative and indefinite pronouns can act as adjectives. • In order for these pronouns to be adjectives, a noun must follow the pronoun. • Ex. These boots are too large for me. (Adjective) • Ex. These are too large for me. (Pronoun)

24. Adjective practice Laura bought a blue blouse with white trimmings. Several athletes complained about the old stadium.

25. ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES 3. The writer, tall and impressive, entered the auditorium. 4. Each one in the class will develop an original project.

26. ADJECTIVE PRACTICE 5. This short story by Pearl Buck has a surprise ending. 6. If you are interested, I will show you my camera.

27. ADVERBS P. L104-L110 • Modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs • Questions adverbs answer: • Where? • When? • How? • To what extent? • Many end in –ly; however, many do not. (See chart p. L 104) • Ex. Afterward, almost, alone, fast, hard, here, just, too, very, well, rather, sometimes, somewhere

28. Adverb Examples 1. At the debate, you must speak clearly. 2. I almost finished my homework in an hour.

29. Adverb Examples 3. I have often wondered about her past. 4. We have changed our minds completely.

30. Adverb Examples 5. Our team plays hard. 6. I am not surprised.

31. Adjective & Adverb Homework October 19th Assignment: • In BK grammar book: • P. L92-L93 (1-10) • P. L95-96 (1-12) • P. L97-L98 (1-10) • P. L101 (1-10) • P. L110-L111 (1-20) Due Friday, October 23rd • If you are struggling with these exercises, you need to attend BLAST. Remember, BLAST is offered Monday – Thursday in room 142

32. PREPOSITIONS p. L125-L131 • A word that shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in the sentence • EX. The letter to Lori was lost. • Preposition = to • Shows a relationship between Lori and the letter • Review list of prepositions on p. L125 • EX. The letter to Lori was lost. • Preposition = to • Shows a relationship between Lori and the letter

33. 4 Uses of Prepositions • Location: Many prepositions tell where something is in relation to something else. Example: The cat hid under the tree. Other popular prepositions that show location are: in, on, inside, above and near.

34. 4 Uses of Prepositions 2. Direction/Action: Other prepositions tell where something is going. Example: The car drove to the café. 3. Time: A few prepositions help to tell time in a sentence. Example: During the race, Bob’s shoelace came untied.

35. 4 Uses of Prepositions 4. Relationship: Other prepositions show the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and another word. Example: That poem was written by Edgar Allen Poe.

36. Prepositions • A preposition that is made up of two or more words is called a compound preposition. • Review list of common compound prepositions on p. L126.

37. Prepositional Phrases p. L127 • A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun (object of the preposition). • EX. England is the setting of this suspenseful mystery. • Preposition = of • Noun = mystery • Prepositional phrase = of this suspensefulmystery

38. Preposition Practice • I placed the lawn mower in a corner of the garage. • During the spring, I often visit a flower show.

39. Preposition Practice • A man from the IRS called father at home. • She finally agreed in spite of her original protests.

40. Preposition Practice • Father is not terribly worried about them. • A group of students demonstrated in front of the building.

41. Homework (due Tuesday) • Complete “Preposition Practice” handout • Grammar quiz over all parts of speech Friday, 11/14

42. CONJUNCTIONS p. L132 • Connects words or groups of words • 2 types: coordinating & correlative

43. Coordinating Conjunctions • FANBOYS: For And Nor But Or Yet So

44. Correlative Conjunctions • Pairs of connecting words • Both/and • Either/or • Neither/nor • Not only/But so • Whether/or

45. INTERJECTIONS p. L135 • A word that expresses strong feeling or emotion • Followed by an exclamation point (!) or comma (,) • Express feelings such as joy or anger • Generally at the beginning of a sentence • Ex. Oh, did you see that pass? • Interjection = Oh

46. Parts of Speech Review