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The Effects of Ocean Acidification on Coral A Comparison between the Alkalinity Anomaly and Buoyant Weight Methods of Measurement. Aaron Cevallos Advisor: Andreas Andersson , Ph.D. Summer 2010. What is ocean acidification? What is causing it?.
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The Effects of Ocean Acidification on CoralA Comparison between the Alkalinity Anomaly and Buoyant Weight Methods of Measurement Aaron Cevallos Advisor: Andreas Andersson, Ph.D. Summer 2010
What is ocean acidification? What is causing it? • The ocean absorbs approximately 1/3rd of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels. • As CO2 dissolves in seawater, the pH of the water decreases. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, ocean pH has dropped globally by approximately 0.1 pH units. • By the end of this century, we may expect to see changes in pH that are the greatest in 21 million years. • http://ioc3.unesco.org/oanet/FAQacidity.html
Bermuda coral reef: the canary in a coal mine? Buddemeier et al. 2004, based on Veron 1995 [CO32-] across coral reef platform -Marginal reef -Lower [CO32-] -Healthy reef -No major industries or pollution -Natural gradient in [CO32-] Alex Venn Mid-platform Inshore Outer rim
What can we expect in the future ? Changes in atmospheric CO2 under the "business as usual" scenario to the year 2100 and associated changes in ocean pH and carbon chemistry. Adapted from Wolf-gladrow et al., 1999 • The IPCC expects: • a drop in ocean pH of about 0.4 pH units by the end of this century • a 60% decrease in the concentration of calcium carbonate http://ioc3.unesco.org/oanet/FAQacidity.html
Why is ocean acidification a problem? • Seawater acid-base balance important in regulating biological and chemical processes, e.g.: • Function of enzyme and proteins • Chemical reaction rates • Availability of nutrients and trace metals • CO32- is an essential building block for marine calcifiers depositing skeletons or shells made of CaCO3† • Less building material equals slower growth, weaker structures (similar to osteoporosis in humans) and increased vulnerability to environmental stress in general †Ca2+ is the other building block, but there are plenty of calcium in seawater
Ca2+ CO32- CaCO3 The Alkalinity Anomaly Method • The alkalinity anomaly method relies on the principle that when a calcifying organism produces a mole of calcium carbonate, total alkalinity is decreased by two moles. • I will be able to know the exact degree to which synthesis or dissolution is taking place using this method.
The Buoyant Weighing Method Calcification (or dissolution) of a coral sample is inferred from changes in the sample’s mass. The weight can be determined in water using the formula: Wa= Ww / [1-(pw/ps)] http://www.aagaines.com/man/graphics/scale.jpg