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Solar Energy

Solar Energy. 20 October, 2010 Monterey Institute for International Studies Chris Greacen, Palang Thai. Outline. The sun’s energy Passive solar, cooking, water heating, electricity Photovoltaics (PV) Basic market trend How PV works Basic types of solar electric systems

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Solar Energy

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  1. Solar Energy 20 October, 2010 Monterey Institute for International Studies Chris Greacen, Palang Thai

  2. Outline • The sun’s energy • Passive solar, cooking, water heating, electricity • Photovoltaics(PV) • Basic market trend • How PV works • Basic types of solar electric systems • Grid-connected systems • Components • Net metering • Calculating simple payback • (with detour on Peak Sun Hours, array tilt, shading) • Off-grid • Components • Lead acid batteries • Charge controllers • Inverters • System sizing overview

  3. World power consumption: 15 TW

  4. Thermal Water heating Cooking Home heating/cooling Electricity Solar thermal electricity Photovoltaics

  5. COMMON GROUND: “Zero Net Energy” Community LOPEZ COMMUNITY LAND TRUST Lopez Island, WA

  6. Solar water heating

  7. Generating electricity from sunlight • Solar thermal electric • Photovoltaics (PV)

  8. How solar thermal electric works www.greenterrafirma.com

  9. Concentrating Solar Power (Solar Thermal Electric)

  10. Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS)Kramer Junction, CA

  11. www.greenterrafirma.com

  12. How PV works

  13. Current/Voltage (IV) curve for solar cell

  14. Off-grid array-direct system Image source: Solar Energy International SEI

  15. Off-grid direct current (DC) system with batteries Image source: Solar Energy International SEI

  16. Pico-PV (small DC systems) Barefoot Power 0.5W 1.0W 1.5W 2.5W 5W 10W 15W 3.6V 12V

  17. Off-grid system with AC & DC loads Image source: Solar Energy International SEI

  18. Small (300 Watts): Solar Nexus Bigger (3 kW): Trace

  19. Grid connected (AC) Image source: Solar Energy International SEI

  20. Net metering Image source: Real Goods

  21. Image source: Solar Energy International SEI

  22. Image source: Solar Energy International SEI

  23. Photovoltaics

  24. Net Metering in the USA www.dsireusa.org / April 2009 WA: 100 ME: 100 MT: 50* ND: 100* VT: 250 NH: 100 OR: 25/2,000* MN: 40 MI: 20* MA: 60/1,000/2,000* WY: 25* WI: 20* RI: 1,650/2,250/3,500* IA: 500* IN: 10* CT: 2,000* CO: 2,000co-ops & munis: 10/25 NV: 1,000* NY: 25/500/2,000* OH: no limit* IL: 40* PA: 50/3,000/5,000* UT: 25/2,000* WV: 25 MO: 100 NJ: 2,000* KY: 30* CA: 1,000* NC: 20/100* DE: 25/500/2,000* NM: 80,000* OK: 100* MD: 2,000 AZ: no limit* AR: 25/300 DC: 1,000 GA: 10/100 VA: 20/500* LA: 25/300 HI: 100KIUC: 50 FL: 2,000* 40 states & DChave adopted a net metering policy State policy Voluntary utility program(s) only * State policy applies to certain utility types only (e.g., investor-owned utilities) Note: Numbers indicate system capacity limit in kW. Some state limits vary by customer type, technology and/or system application. Other limits may also apply.

  25. Feed-in tariffs • long-term contracts for the electricity produced • purchase prices that are methodologically based on the cost of renewable energy generation.

  26. Thai feed-in tariffs Assumes exchange rate 1 Thai baht = 0.029762 U.S. dollars Tariff = adder(s) + bulk supply tariff + FT charge Solar tariff = $0.24 + $0.05 + $0.03 = $0.32/kWh

  27. Generating Capacity supply to Grid from 2006 - August 2009

  28. Grid-connected Solar PV • System size: 3 kW

  29. Bangkok Solar 1 MW PV Grid-connected Solar PV • Bangkok • Project size: 1 MW

  30. How do you estimate how much electricity it will produce?How long does it takes to pay for itself?

  31. Solar panel produces more power when it faces the sun

  32. Seasonal array tilt 36.6 degrees in Monterey

  33. Peak Sun Hours San Francisco: 5.4 PSH annual average, tilt at latitude* 1200 1000 800 Watts/m² 600 Peak Sun Hours 400 200 10:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 6:00 8:00 *Source: http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/redbook/sum2/23234.txt

  34. annual average peak sun hours (PSH)

  35. Anacortes, WA = 3.7 PSH per day annual average San Francisco = 5.4 PSH

  36. Energy produced kWh per year = (PSH) x (peak kW of array) x (solar panel derating) x (inverter efficiency) x 365 Example: 5.4 hours x 2.5 kW x 85% x 95% x 365 = 4000 kWh

  37. Grid-tied solar simple payback period • Installed cost  $7K to $9K per kW 2.5 kW * $8,000 = $20,000 • Value of annual electricity offset: $0.25/kWh * 4000 kWh/year = $1000/yr • Simple Payback: $20,000 / $1000/yr = 20 years (assuming no subsidies)

  38. Financial sketch: MW-scale solar project in Thailand • Project size: 1 MW • Cost estimate: $4 million • Tariffs: • TOTAL: $0.33/kWh for 10 years • Simple Payback: 6.5 years • 10-year IRR: 14% Note: project is real. Financials are conjecture. 10% discount rate, 4% inflation

  39. Off-grid systems DC SYSTEMS SYSTEMS WITH AC LOADS

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