Monocots Cont.

1. Monocots Cont. Poales

2. Poales Joinvilleaceae Flagellariaceae Eriocaulaceae Bromeliaceae Restionaceae Mayacaceae Cyperaceae Xyridaceae Juncaceae Poaceae Typhaceae Loss of raphide crystals Loss of septal nectaries

3. Typhaceae • Cattail Family, common in northern hemisphere, including US • 28 species of rhizomatous aquatic herbs • Leaves are used in weaving, and starchy rhizomes, young staminate inflorescences, and pollen are eaten

4. Typhaceae • Synapomorphies: Monoecious, Tepals reduced, 1 functional carpel with 1 ovule

5. Typhaceae • Leaves linear, often spongy with air canals • Inflorescences of densely clustered flowers appearing to be elongate/cylindrical spikes or clusters • Flowers unisexual, wind dispersed • 1-6 reduced tepals, even bract or scale-like • Stamens 1-8 in staminate flowers • 3 fused carpels, with only one functional, axil placentation, with 1 locule and 1 ovule • Fruit a drupe or follicle

6. Typhaceae

7. Typhaceae Sparganium Typha

8. Bromeliaceae • Bromeliad family, tropical to warm temperate mostly in the Americas • Includes pineapple, spanish moss, and many ornamentals • 1520 species of often epiphytic herbs

9. Bromeliaceae • Synapomorphies: Hairs water absorbing scales, Separate calyx and corolla, Stigmas spirally twisted

10. Bromeliaceae • Leaves often form a tank-like basal rosette that holds water • Flowers bisexual, radial • 3 sepals • 3 petals • 6 stamens • 3 carpels, connate, spirally twisted • Fruit a capsule or berry, seeds often winged with tufts of hairs

11. Bromeliaceae

12. Bromeliaceae Tillandsia (spanish moss) Ananas (pineapple) Bromelia

13. Poales Joinvilleaceae Flagellariaceae Eriocaulaceae Bromeliaceae Restionaceae Cyperaceae Juncaceae Mayacaceae Xyridaceae Poaceae Typhaceae

14. Sedges (Cyperaceae) have edges, Rushes (Juncaceae) are round, and Grasses (Poaceae) are hollow all the way to the ground

15. Juncaceae + Cyperaceae • Synapomorphies: solid stems, 3-ranked leaves, loss of calcium oxalate crystals, pollen in tetrads

16. Juncaceae • Rush family, 400 herbs • Common worldwide, temperate or montane, including US • Used in basket making and as ornamentals

17. Juncaceae • Synapomorphies: none, may not be monophyletic • Leaves 3-ranked, round and solid • Flowers bisexual • 6 tepals, distinct • (3-) 6 stamens, distinct • 3 Carpels, connate, ovary superior • Fruit a capsule

18. Juncaceae Luzula - 80 species Juncus - 300 species

19. Cyperaceae • Sedge family, 4500 herb species • Worldwide, often in damp areas • Cyperus papyrus used in making paper by ancient Egyptians, many with aromatic, medicinal, or starchy roots.

20. Cyperaceae • Synapomorphies: Stems solid and triangular, leaves sheath closed, tetrads of pollen with 3 degenerate, basal placentation, Fruit an achene (nutlet)

21. Cyperaceae • Leaves alternate, 3-ranked, with blade and enclosed sheath • Flowers bisexual or unisexual subtended by a bract • Tepals lacking or 3-6 scales, bristles or hairs • Stamens 1-3 (-6), distinct • Carpels 2-3, connate, 1 ovule • Fruit an achene (nutlet)

22. Cyperaceae

23. Cyperaceae Carex - 2000 Cyperus - 600 Fimbristylis - 300

24. Poales Joinvilleaceae Flagellariaceae Eriocaulaceae Bromeliaceae Restionaceae Mayacaceae Cyperaceae Poaceae Xyridaceae Juncaceae Typhaceae

25. Joinvilleaceae + Poaceae + Restionaceae + Flagellariaceae • Synapomorphies: Two ranked leaves, with sheath around stem, stomates with dumbbell-shaped guard cells, small flowers with 1 ovule per carpel, etc.

26. Poaceae = Gramineae • Grass family, 9700 herbs or occasional trees • Cosmopolitan in distribution • Easily most economically important family: corn, rice, sugar cane, wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, etc. • > 70% of worlds farmland and > 50% of human calorie intake

27. Poaceae = Gramineae • Synapomorphies: Florets with 3 separate bracts: glume-lemma-palea, Fruit a grain, Embryo with a highly modified cotyledon

28. Glumes= bract found at the base Palea= internal bract Lemma= external

30. Poaceae = Gramineae • Leaves 2-ranked with a sheath, ligule, and blade, sheaths tightly encircling the stem, margins overlapping but not fused • Flowers as florets arranged in spikelets. Subtended by 3 sets of bracts • No tepals or very reduced (lodicules) • (1-) 3 (-6-numerous) stamens, anthers with arrow shaped base • 3 fused Carpels, appearing as 2, often “feathery” • Fruit a grain

32. Poaceae

33. Poaceae

34. Bambusoideae s.s. • Tropical woody and herbaceous plants • Includes bamboo (up to 40 m tall) Arundinaria (50) Bambusa (120) Phyllostachys (45)

35. Ehrhartoideae • Fairly widespread, some aquatic or wetland herbs • Includes Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and Zizania aquatica (NA wild rice) Zizania Oryza

36. Pooideae • Many cereal grains (wheat, oats, barley, rye, etc.) • Also turf grasses, pasture grasses, blue grasses Triticum aestivum Wheat Hordeum vulgare Barley Avena sativa Oats

37. Chloridoideae • Almost all undergo C4 photosynthesis, live in arid climates • Southern Hemisphere distribution Sporobolus Spartina Eragrostis

38. Panicoideae • Distinctive spikelets, not breaking into separate florets at maturity • Includes suger cane, corn, etc. Saccharum Andropogon Zea mays