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Earth Science 1.3

Earth Science 1.3. Representing Earth’s surface. Determining location: Global grids. Long ago, people had to rely on maps made by travelers and explorers. Maps. Later, photographs taken from airplanes allowed more advanced maps to be made. Satellite Mapping.

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Earth Science 1.3

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  1. Earth Science 1.3 Representing Earth’s surface

  2. Determining location: Global grids • Long ago, people had to rely on maps made by travelers and explorers

  3. Maps • Later, photographs taken from airplanes allowed more advanced maps to be made

  4. Satellite Mapping • Today, satellite mapping allows us to instantly locate any spot on Earth with detailed maps and ariel images.

  5. Global Grid • In addition to accurate data, mapmakers needed a precise way to describe the exact location of land features. • Mapmakers use a global grid to help determine location

  6. Global Grid • Global grid lines are made up of lines called latitude and longitude. • The distance around the Earth is measured in degrees.

  7. Latitudeis the distance north or south from the equator measured in degrees. • Longitude is the distance East or West from the Prime Meridian.

  8. The Prime Meridian runs from pole to pole and passes through Greenwich England.

  9. Equator and Prime Meridian • The equator is an imaginary line running around the Earth’s middle that cuts the Earth into two hemispheres • the northern • and southern hemisphere

  10. Equator and Prime Meridian • The Prime Meridian and 180 Degree Meridian (the International Date Line) divide the Earth into Eastern and Western hemispheres.

  11. Globes • Globes are one way to map the Earth and show accurately the distance and relation of land masses to each other. • The problem with globes is to show enough detail to see into your area, a Globe would have to be enormous.

  12. Maps and Projections • A map is a flat projection of the Earth’s surface. • But the Earth is round! Can all Earth’s features be accurately represented on a flat surface? • The answer is no.

  13. Map Projections • Different types of map projection systems were invented for different purposes: • 4 main types all have strengths and weaknesses • Mercator projection map • Robinson projection map • Conic projection map • Gnomonic projection map

  14. Mercator Projection Maps • In 1569, Gerardus Mercator developed a map to help sailors navigate around the Earth. This map system is called the Mercator Projection System. • The lines of longitude and latitude are parallel on this map making it easier to show direction accurately • The drawback to these maps is that sizes and distances become distorted

  15. Robinson Projection Map • Robinson Projection maps show most distances, sizes and shapes accurately but have distortions, especially around the edges of the maps.

  16. Conic Projection Map • Conic projection maps are made by wrapping a cone of paper around the globe at a particular line of latitude. • There is almost no distortion along the line of latitude that is in contact with the cone but distortion increases as one moves away from the line.

  17. Gnomonic Projection Maps • Gnomonic projections are made by touching a piece of paper on a globe so that it touches a single point on the globe’s surface. • Various points and lines are than projected on the map. • Although distances and directions are distorted, these maps are useful to sailors as they show with great accuracy the shortest distance between two points

  18. Topographic Maps • Topographic maps represent Earth’s three-dimensional surface in 2D.

  19. Topographic Maps • Topographic maps use contour lines to show changes in elevation. • Every position along a contour line is the same elevation is the same elevation.

  20. Topographic Maps • The contour intervalis the distance between the contour lines. • The closer the intervals, the steeper the change in the landscape. • Lines close together indicate a steep slope while lines farther apart indicate a gentle slope change.

  21. Map Scale • A map represents a certain amount of area on the Earth’s surface. In order to determine distances on the map and relate them to the real world, we need to use a map scale. • A map scale is a ratio. One inch on a map may represent 10 miles on a map or a hundred miles. The map scale gives you the key to understand and determine real world distances from a map.

  22. Geologic Maps • A geologic map is a map that shows the type and age of exposed rocks in an area. Geologic maps are developed and used by geologists.

  23. GPS and Satellite Mapping • Today the enormous amount of satellites in orbit allow us to have a variety of detailed maps of almost every place on Earth

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