The Biosphere

1. The Biosphere Investigating an ecosystem

2. What you should know • h_______, a______ and p______ are the main parts of an e__________. • The place where an organism lives is its ______ • A p__________ is a group made up of the _____ species • A c__________ is __ the populations of plants and animals in a _________ area. • An e__________ is the c________ plus the non living environment (_______) abitat nimals lants cosystem habitat opulation same ommunity all particular cosystem ommunity habitat

3. sampling uadrats itfall • Two ________ techniques are • Q________ and P_____ traps • Errors in sampling • __ _______ samples taken • Samples ___ _____ together • D_________ _______ of sample sites • Reducing errors • Take _____ samples (improves r________) • Take r_______ samples not enough too close eliberate placing eliability many andom

4. iving ompetition redation living biotic • Biotic factors are l_______ • Examples are p________ and c________ • A_______ factors are non ______ • Examples are t__________, __ , l_____ _________ and m________ Measuring abiotic factors M_________ levels and l____ _______ can be measured using a light and moisture meter emperature pH ight intensity oisture oisture ight intensity

5. tabilise • Reducing errors taking readings • Allow meterneedles to s_______ before reading • Use the meters in the _____ way each time e.g. push the moisture p____ into the _____ d_____ • Avoid casting a ________ over light meters • When comparing different places make sure readings are taken under s_______ conditions • Take a _______ of readings and work out an a_________. This ________ reliabilty same robe same epth shadow imilar number verage improves

6. habitat √ √ population √

7. A E B F All the members of one species (living together in an area)

9. habitat community population

10. √ √

12. 12 5

13. As you move away from the tree the number of daisies increases Light intensity/moisture is the same 150 x 9 = 1350 1350

14. spiders beetles flies

15. 150 x 36% (0.36) = 54 Flies : spiders 60% : 5% 60 ÷5 : 5 ÷5 12 1

16. Beetles / spiders /ants Pitfall traps Flies - pooters √

18. 18+8+1+9+24 = 60 Average = 60 ÷ 5 = 12 12

19. Decrease because of shortcut Not affected by shortcut Improves reliability

21. Cross leaved heather grows better when moisture is higher

22. Many quadrats / repeat process many times Push probe into same depth/ read top scale/ read meter with probe still in soil/ wipe probe between raedings

23. Common : cross leaved 75 : 10 Divide by 5 75 ÷ 5 : 10 ÷ 5 15 : 2

24. size or area of sheet / force or duration of shaking / number of times shaken / height of branches shaken size or age of tree / position of tree / time of year

25. some fly away or walk away or escape / some are not dislodged / some live on other parts of tree / upper branches not sampled using moisture meter probe damp / dirty wipe probe using light meter casting shadow avoid standing over meter

26. laurel rowan Leaf made of one part + leaf edge wavy

27. brown long + thin flat grooved egg wrack twisted bladder wrack

28. sea lettuce is green/ spiral wrack is brown sea lettuce is flat / spiral wrack is twisted both are brown with bladders in pairs

29. Hydrophyes lotus elodea Leaves on or above surface roots in soil Round leaves

30. Go to 4 Black wing tip Go to 3 Wood white Red admiral White wing tip