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Unit Hydrograph

Unit Hydrograph. The Unit Hydrograph Unit Hydrograph Derivation Unit Hydrograph Application Synthetic Unit Hydrograph. Unit Hydrograph. Definition. The unit hydrograph is the unit pulse response function of a linear hydrologic system.

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Unit Hydrograph

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  1. Unit Hydrograph • The Unit Hydrograph • Unit Hydrograph Derivation • Unit Hydrograph Application • Synthetic Unit Hydrograph

  2. Unit Hydrograph Definition • The unit hydrograph is the unit pulse response function of a linear hydrologic system. • First proposed by Sherman (1932), the unit hydrograph (originally named unit-graph) of a watershed is defined as a direct runoff hydrograph (DRH) resulting from 1 in (usually taken as 1 cm in SI units) of excess rainfall generated uniformly over the drainage area at a constant rate for an effective duration. • Sherman originally used the word “unit” to denote a unit of time. But since that time it has often been interpreted as a unit depth of excess rainfall. • Sherman classified runoff into surface runoff and groundwater runoff and defined the unit hydrograph for use only with surface runoff.

  3. Unit Hydrograph Assumptions The unit hydrograph is a simple linear model that can be used to derive the hydrograph resulting from any amount of excess rainfall. The following basic assumptions are inherent in this model; • The excess rainfall has a constant intensitywithin the effective duration. • The excess rainfall is uniformly distributed throughout the whole drainage area. • The base time of the DRH (the duration of direct runoff) resulting from an excess rainfall of given duration is constant. • The ordinates of all DRH’s of a common base time are directly proportional to the total amount of direct runoff represented by each hydrograph. • For a given watershed, the hydrograph resulting from a given excess rainfall reflects the unchanging characteristics of the watershed.

  4. Unit Hydrograph Derivation Discrete Convolution Equation When Qn = Direct runoff Pm = Excess rainfall Un-m+1 = Unit hydrograph Suppose that there are M pulses of excess rainfall N pulses of direct runoff in the storm considered, then N equations can be written for Qn = 1, 2, …,Nin terms of N-M+1unknown values of unit hydrograph.

  5. Unit Hydrograph Derivation Discrete Convolution Equation The setof equations for discrete time convolution n = 1, 2,…,N

  6. Example 1 Find the half-hour unit hydrograph using the excess rainfall hyetograph and direct runoff hydrograph given in the table. Solution. The ERH and DRH in table have M=3 and N=11 pulses respectively. Hence, the number of pulses in the unit hydrograph is N-M+1=11-3+1=9. Substituting the ordinates of the ERH and DRH into the equations in table yields a set of 11 simultaneous equations.

  7. Example 1 and similarly for the remain ordinates

  8. Example 1 Unit hydrograph

  9. Unit Hydrograph Application Once the unit hydrograph has been determined, it may be applied to direct runoff and streamflow hydrograph. Procedures: • A rainfall hyetograph is selected. • The abstractions are estimated. • The excess rainfall is calculated. • The time interval used in defining the excess rainfall hyetograph ordinates must be the same as that for which the unit hydrograph was specified. • The discrete convolution equation may then be used to yield the direct runoff hydrograph. • By adding an estimated baseflow to the direct runoff hydrograph, the streamflow hydrograph is obtained.

  10. Example 2 Calculate the streamflow hydrograph for a storm of 6 in excess rainfall, with 2 in the first half-hour, 3 in in the second half-hour and 1 in in the third half-hour. Use the half-hour unit hydrograph computed in example 1 and assume the baseflow is constant at 500 cfs throughput the flood. Check that the total depth of direct runoff is equal to the total excess precipitation. (Watershed are = 7.03 mi2) Solution.

  11. Example 2 Calculation of the direct runoff hydrograph and streamflow hydrograph Baseflow = 500 cfs

  12. Example 2 The total direct runoff volume is The corresponding depth of direct runoff is found by dividing by the watershed area A=7.03 mi2=7.03x5280 ft2=1.96x108 ft2

  13. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Unit Hydrograph: developed from rainfall and streamflow data on a watershed applies only for that watershed and for the point on the stream where the streamflow data were measured. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph: Synthetic unit hydrograph procedures are used to develop unit hydrographs for other locations on the stream in the same watershed or for nearby watersheds of a similar character.

  14. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph • There are three types of synthetic unit hydrograph: • Those relating hydrograph characteristics (peak flow rate, base time, etc.) to watershed characteristics. (Snyder, 1938) • Those based on a dimensionless unit hydrograph. (Soil Conservation Service, 1972) • Those based on models of watershed storage. (Clark, 1943)

  15. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Snyder’s UH Snyder defined a standard unit hydrograph as one whose rainfall duration tr is related to the basin lag tp by tp = the basin lag (hr) L = Length of the main stream from the outlet to the upstream (km) Lc = The distance from the outlet to a point on the stream nearest the centroid of watershed area. C1 = 0.75 Ct = Coefficient derived from gaged watersheds in the same region. • For a standard unit hydrograph Snyder found that • The basin lag is

  16. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Snyder’s UH • The peak discharge per unit drainage area in m3/s.km2 of the standard unit hydrograph is C2 = 2.75 and Cp = Coefficient derived from gaged watersheds in the same region. If tpR=5.5tR tR=tr, tpR=tp, qpR=qp ct, cp are computed from If tpR5.5tR tpR=tp, qpR=qp ct, cp are computed from

  17. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Snyder’s UH • The relationship between qp and the peak discharge per unit drainage area qpR of the required unit hydrograph is • The base time tb in hours of the unit hydrograph can be determined using the fact that the area under the unit hydrograph is equivalent to a direct runoff of 1 cm. Assuming a triangular shape for the unit hydrograph, the base time may be estimated by C3 = 5.56

  18. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Snyder’s UH • The width in hours of a unit hydrograph at a discharge equal to a certain percent of the peak discharge qpR is given by Cw = 1.22 for the 75 percent width and 2.14 for the 50 percent width.

  19. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Snyder’s UH Tp=5.5tr Tp5.5tr Required UH Standard UH

  20. Example 3 From the basin map of a given watershed, the following quantities are measured: L = 150 km, Lc = 75 km, and drainage area = 3,500 km2. From the unit hydrograph derived for the watershed, the following are determined: tr = 12 hr, tpR = 34 hr, and peak discharge = 157.5 m3/s.cm. Determine the coefficients Ct and Cp for the synthetic unit hydrograph of the watershed. Solution From the given data, 5.5tR = 66 hr, which is quite different from . **

  21. Example 3 Solving * and ** simultaneously gives tp = 32.5 hr and tr = 5.9 hr. To calculate Ct, use The peak discharge per unit area is The coefficient is calculated by

  22. Example 4 Compute the six-hour synthetic unit hydrograph of a watershed having a drainage area of 2,500 km2 with L = 100 km and Lc = 50 km. This watershed is a sub-drainage area of the watershed in example 3. Ct = 2.64

  23. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph SCS Dimensionless UH • The SCS-UH is a synthetic unit hydrograph in which the discharge is expressed by • the ratio of discharge discharge (q) to peak discharge (qp) • the time the ratio of the time (t) to the time of rise of the unithydrograph (Tp) Given the peak discharge and lag time for the duration of excess rainfall, the UH can be estimated from the synthetic dimensionless hydrograph for the given basin

  24. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph SCS Dimensionless UH The figure shows a dimensionless hydrograph, prepared from the unit hydrographs of variety of watersheds. The values of qp and Tp may be estimated using a simplified model of triangular unit hydrograph. SCS suggests the time of recession may be approximated as 1.67Tp. As the area under the unit hydrograph should be equal to a direct runoff of 1 cm Tp = peak time, hr qp = peak discharge, cms.m c = 2.08 A = the drainage area, sq.km.

  25. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph SCS Dimensionless UH A study of unit hydrographs of many large and small rural watersheds indicates that the basin lag Time to rise, Tp can be expressed in terms of lag time, tp and the duration of effective rainfall, tr Tc = time of concentration of watersheds

  26. Example 5 Construct a 10-minute SCS-UH for a basin of area 3.0 km2 and time of concentration 1.25 hr. Solution The duration tr = 10 min = 0.166 hr Lag time tp = 0.6Tc = 0.6x1.25 = 0.75 hr Rise time Tp = tr/2 + tp = 0.166/2 + 0.75 = 0.833 hr qp = 2.08x3.0/0.833 = 7.49 m3/s.cm The dimensionless hydrograph in the figure may be converted to the required dimensions by multiplying the values on the horizontal axis by Tp and those on the vertical axis by qp. Alternatively, the triangular unit hydrograph can be drawn with tb = 2.67Tp = 2.22 hr. The depth of direct runoff is checked to equal 1 cm.

  27. Unit Hydrograph Different Rainfall Durations • When a UH of a given express rainfall duration is available, the UH of other durations can be derived. • If other durations are integral multiples of the given duration, the new UH can be easily computed by application of the principles of superposition and proportionality. • However, a general method of derivation applicable to UH of any required duration may be used on the basis of the principle of superposition. This is the S-Hydrograph Method.

  28. Unit Hydrograph Different Rainfall Durations • The theoretical S-Hydrograph is that resulting from continuous excess rainfall at a constant rate of 1 cm/hr for an indefinite period. • This is a step response function of a watershed system • The curve assume a deformed S shape and its ordinates ultimately approach the rated of excess rainfall at a time of equilibrium. • This step response function, g(t) can be derived from the unit pulse response function, h(t) of the unit hydrograph.

  29. Unit Hydrograph Different Rainfall Durations The response at time t to a unit pulse of duration Dt beginning at time 0 is The response at time t to a unit pulse beginning at time Dt is equal to h(t-Dt) The response at time t to a third unit pulse beginning at time 2Dt is Continuing this process indefinitely, summing the resulting equations, rearranging, yields the unit step response function S-Hydrograph

  30. Unit Hydrograph Different Rainfall Durations After S-Hydrograph is constructed, the UH of a given duration can be derived as follows: Advance the position of the S-Hydrograph by a period equal to the desired duration Dt’ called as Offset S-Hydrograph The difference between the ordinates of the original S-Hydrograph and the Offset S Hydrograph, divided by Dt’ gives the desired UH S-Hydrograph Offset S-Hydrograph Unit Hydrograph of Duration Dt’

  31. Example 6 Use the 0.5 hr unit hydrograph in example 1 to produce the S-hydrograph and the 1.5 hr unit hydrograph for this watershed. Solution The 0.5 unit hydrograph is shown in column 2. The S-hydrograph is found using (with Dt = 0.5 hr) For t = 0.5 hr : g(t) = Dt.h(t) = 0.5x404 = 202 cfs For t = 1.0 hr : g(t) = Dt.[h(t)+h(t-0.5)] = 0.5x[1,079+404] = 742 cfs For t = 1.5 hr : g(t) = Dt.[h(t)+h(t-0.5)+h(t-1.0)] = 0.5x[2,343+1,079+404] = 1,913 cfs

  32. Example 6 Calculation of a 1.5 hr unit hydrograph by S-hydrograph method

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