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Indian Contributions to Mathematics: Decimal System, Zero Invention

Explore the introduction of the decimal system and invention of zero by Indian scholars, like Aryabhatta and Bhaskara II, shaping the foundation of mathematics and astronomy globally.

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Indian Contributions to Mathematics: Decimal System, Zero Invention

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  1. Classical Indian Science Introduction of decimal system and invention of zero important contribution of Indian to the world. Ancient Science and religion linked together Planets considered as god and its movements began to be closely observed. Study of astronomy became essential to know the seasons and weather conditions which important for agricultural activities. In 3rd Century Mathematics, Astronomy and Medicine began to develop separately.

  2. Mathematics • Notation System, later it was adopted by the Arabs. • Decimal System (Indians were first used the decimal system) • Use of Zero ( considered that Zero invented by Aryabhatta in about 2nd century B.C.E.) • ‘Zero’ called ‘shunya’ or ‘nothing’. Initially it was like a ‘dot’ later it became a ‘small circle’. • In 1873 C.E the usage of zero took place in Arabia. • Arabs adopted ‘Zero’ and ‘Algebra’ from India and spread it European countries. • Chinese learned decimal system from Buddhist Missonaries. • place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 1000 B.C.E.

  3. Brhamagupta 598 -668 or 670 C.E • Ancient Indian Mathematician as well as Astronomer • son of Jishnugupta. born in Bhillamala (modern Bhinmal) Rajasthan. • Two works – BrahmasphutaSiddanta and Karakhadakhadyaka. • In 628 at the age of 30 he composed BrahmasphutaSiddhanta (The improved treaties of Brahma) • This book consists 24 chapters with 1008 verses • describes about algebra, geometry, trigonometry • It was the first book that mentions 'zero' as a number. • he was considered the first person who formulate the concept of zero.

  4. he gave rules of using zero with negative and positive numbers. • rule of dealing with zero as a number was ‘when zero is added to a number or subtracted from a number, the number remains unchanged’. • second rule is ‘A number multiplied by zero becomes zero‘

  5. Introduce in symbols in algebra. • ∑ - sigma ≈ - approximately equal • ∆ - delta ≡ - equivalence • X – cross () - brackets • Introduce special words to denote numbers • “tooth” means 22 • “eye” means 2 • “moon” means 1

  6. Bhaskara II (1114- 1185 C.E) • born in the city of Bjiapur, Karnataka • son of Mahesvara, professionally he was astrologer. • known as Bhaskaracharya, which means 'Bhaskara the teacher'. • Mathematical work 'SiddhantaSironmani' (Crown of Treatises) at the age of 36. • it deals with algebra and study of sphere.

  7. Three major work • 1. Lilavati(the Beautiful) a mathematical work • at the age of 36 he wrote this book • it contains 279 verses, it was in Sanskrit language in the form of poetic • 2. Bijaganita(Seed Counting) • about algebra work • it was the second volume of SiddhantaShironmani • divided into six parts and contains 213 verses • 3. Karanakutuhala(the Calculation of Astronomical Wonders) • about Astronomical work.

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